The Idionomic Future of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: What Stands Out From Criticisms of ACT Development
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The present special section critical of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or Training (ACT in either case) and its basis in psychological flexibility, relational frame theory, functional contextualism, and contextual behavioral science (CBS) contains both worthwhile criticisms and fundamental misunderstandings. Noting the important historical role that behavior analysis has played in the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) tradition, we argue that CBS as a modern face of behavior analytic thinking has a potentially important positive role to play in CBT going forward. We clarify functional contextualism and its link to ethical behavior, attempting to clear up misunderstandings that could seriously undermine genuine scientific conversations. We then examine the limits of using syndromes and protocols as a basis for further developing models and methods; the role of measurement and processes of change in driving progress toward more personalized interventions; how pragmatically useful concepts can help basic science inform practice; how both small- and large-scale studies can contribute to scientific progress; and how all these strands can be pulled together to benefit humanity. In each area, we argue that further progress will require major modifications in our traditional approaches to such areas as psychometrics, the conduct of randomized trials, the analysis of findings using traditional normative statistics, and the use of data from diverse cultures and marginalized populations. There have been multiple generational shifts in our field's history, and a similar shift appears to be taking place once again.
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Over one thousand ACT randomized controlled trials have been conducted worldwide with various populations including higher education students.
“there have been over one thousand ACT randomized controlled trials conducted around the world with a wide variety of populations including individuals with HIV, patients with various medical needs, individuals with mental health difficulties, and higher education students (Hayes, 2023).”
From A Scoping Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Higher Education (2024) · cites this paper as Hayes, 2023
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- Authors
- Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., & Ciarrochi, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hayes, Steven C.
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-11
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1036-1063
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10589451
- OpenAlex
- W4385327327
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 10.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH
- James S McDonnell Foundation
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- Hessisches Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Kunst
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, contextual behavioral science, functional contextualism, relational frame theory, psychological flexibility, behavior analysis, moral behavior, measurement, change processes, personalized interventions, psychometrics, cultural diversity, marginalized communities, history of behavior therapy
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
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