Microalgal carotenoids and phytosterols regulate biochemical mechanisms involved in human health and disease prevention
Open accessAbstract
Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that produce numerous bioactive molecules that can be used as food supplement to prevent chronic disease installation. Indeed, they produce phycobiliproteins, polysaccharides, lipids, carotenoids and sterolic compounds. The use of microalgae in human nutrition provide a mixture of these molecules with synergistic effect. The aim of this review is to present the specific roles played by the xanthophylls, and specifically astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, two high added value carotenoids, and by microalgal phytosterols such as β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol on several cell mechanisms involved in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and cancers. This review explains how these microalgal molecules modulate cell signaling pathways involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, inflammation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Xanthophylls and phytosterols are involved in the reduction of inflammatory markers in relation with the regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways, and suppression of production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Xanthophylls act on glucose and lipid metabolisms via both the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and glucose transporters and its effects on the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism. Their anti-cancer effects are related to the induction of intrinsic apoptosis due to down-regulation of key regulatory kinases. The anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects are correlated with decreased production of endothelial growth factors and of matrix metalloproteinases. Phytosterols have a major role on cholesterol absorption via modification of the activities of Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporters and on cholesterol esterification. Their action are also related with the modulation of PPARs and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 activities.
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Microalgal phytosterols such as β-sitosterol and stigmasterol reduce systemic inflammation by modulating lipid mediators and suppressing pro-inflammatory gene expression.
“Microalgal phytosterols, such as β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, sourced from Tetraselmis and Isochrysis, reduce systemic inflammation by modulating lipid mediators and suppressing pro-inflammatory gene expression [52].”
From Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Le Goff, M., Le Ferrec, E., Mayer, C., Mimouni, V., Lagadic-Gossmann, D., Schoefs, B., & Ulmann, L.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ulmann, Lionel
- Venue
- Biochimie
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 167
- Pages
- 106-118
- ISSN
- 0037-9042 (ISSN-L)
- 0300-9084
- OpenAlex
- W2974430278
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimie (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Collectivités Locales Mayennaises and the French Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur de la Recherche et de l’Innovation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- microalgae, carotenoids, phytosterols, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, xanthophylls, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, cardiometabolic disease, cancer prevention, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, cholesterol absorption, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, NF-κB signaling, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, SREBP1, dietary supplements
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Neoplasms, Phytosterols, Sitosterols, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis, Dietary Supplements, Xanthophylls, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Microalgae
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