Cited by 36Algal biology and biofuel productionSeaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsAquaculture Nutrition and Growth

Microalgae as a source of carotenoids in foods, obstacles and solutions

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Mostafa, Heba Sayed, Hashem, Marwa Mahmoud·2025·Phytochemistry Reviews

Abstract

Recently, microalgae have attracted attention as a natural source of healthier bioactive molecules, especially carotenoids, because human bodies lack the ability to synthesize them, and their intake is necessary for human nutrition. Microalgae can produce various classes of these natural products, distinguished by their health benefits. In food sectors, microalgae are available as whole cells or as a source for extracting a specific carotenoid. This review summarizes recent knowledge of the biosynthesis pathway and the factors affecting carotenoid content, as well as strategies for increasing microalgae synthesis of various carotenoids. New uses of carotenoid-rich microalgae in food are highlighted, along with the main challenges and suggested solutions for using microalgal-carotenoids in the foodstuff. Carotenoids, particularly β-carotene and astaxanthin, face significant challenges in terms of bioavailability and stability when included in foods. Although many solutions were proposed, more research is required to determine the stability of other carotenoids under various food processing techniques. Furthermore, future studies should focus on improving bioavailability and accessibility after digestion in order to benefit from all added carotenoids. Modern technology and a fast-paced lifestyle necessitate the inclusion and acceptance of microalgal carotenoids, particularly for the most vulnerable populations, children, and pregnant women.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s11101-024-10039-9

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  • Intrinsic and extrinsic factors compromise nutrient release and absorption, including robust cell wall structures, chemical and physical instability of bioactives, and interactions with food matrix components.

    “Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors compromise nutrient release and absorption, including the robust cell wall structures that restrict the liberation of intracellular nutrients, the chemical and physical instability of bioactives during processing and gastrointestinal digestion, and interactions with other food matrix components that hinder nutrient solubility and uptake [91,92].”

    From Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion (2025) · cites this paper as [91]

    The 'Obstacles and solutions' section (page unavailable) says microalgal cell walls impede nutrient access during digestion, dietary fiber reduces carotenoid absorption, and oxidation or prolonged boiling can reduce carotenoid availability. It does not establish the broader claim that bioactives undergo chemical and physical instability during gastrointestinal digestion; its discussion is chiefly about carotenoids rather than nutrients generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Fay P (1992) Oxygen relations of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. Microbiol Rev 56:340-373. https://doi.org/ 10.1128/mr.56.2.340-373 · DOI
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  5. molecules27082540 · DOI
  6. 0c00315 · DOI
  7. biology10101060 · DOI · Paper page
  8. antiox11040795 · DOI
  9. Sun H, Wang Y, He Y et al (2023) Microalgae-derived pigments for the food industry. Mar Drugs 21:82. https://doi.org/10. 3390/md210200820 · DOI

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Authors
Mostafa, H. S., & Hashem, M. M.
Affiliations
  • Cairo University (EG)
  • Assiut University (EG)
Corresponding author
  • Mostafa, Heba Sayed
  • Hashem, Marwa Mahmoud
Venue
Phytochemistry Reviews
Published
2024-11-28
Volume
24
Issue
5
Pages
4295-4337
ISSN
  • 1568-7767 (ISSN-L)
  • 1572-980X
OpenAlex
W4404821446
Cited by
36
References
264
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 10
FWCI
2.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Phytochemistry Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Cairo University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Keywords
microalgae, carotenoids, beta-carotene, astaxanthin, carotenoid biosynthesis, carotenoid bioavailability, carotenoid stability, food processing, health benefits

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