Decomposing Intra-Subject Variability in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Background Increased intra-subject response time standard deviations (RT-SD) discriminate children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from healthy control subjects. The RT-SD is averaged over time; thus it does not provide information about the temporal structure of RT variability. We previously hypothesized that such increased variability might be related to slow spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity occurring with periods between 15 sec and 40 sec. Here, we investigated whether these slow RT fluctuations add unique differentiating information beyond the global increase in RT-SD.Methods We recorded RT at 3-sec intervals for 15 min during an Eriksen flanker task for 29 children with ADHD and 26 age-matched typically developing control subjects (TDC) (mean ages 12.5 +/- 2.4 and 11.6 +/- 2.5; 26 and 12 boys, respectively). The primary outcome was the magnitude of the spectral component in the frequency range between .027 and .073 Hz measured with continuous Morlet wavelet transform.Results The magnitude of the low-frequency fluctuation was greater for children with ADHD compared with TDC (p = .02, d = .69). After modeling ADHD diagnosis as a function of RT-SD, adding this specific frequency range significantly improved the model fit (p = .03; odds ratio = 2.58).Conclusions Fluctuations in low-frequency RT variability predict the diagnosis of ADHD beyond the effect associated with global differences in variability. Future studies will examine whether such spectrally specific fluctuations in behavioral responses are linked to intrinsic regional cerebral hemodynamic oscillations that occur at similar frequencies.
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Very few studies have examined the periodicity of long reaction times, and their results are mixed regarding the frequency at which long reaction times occur.
“Unfortunately, there have been very few studies that have examined the periodicity of long RTs, and results from these studies have been mixed in regard to the frequency at which long RTs occur [9,13,35,46].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [46]
Earlier FFT studies using choice response tasks found increased spectral power in specific frequency bands, such as 0.027-0.074 Hz, in ADHD compared with controls.
“In prior FFT studies of ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2005; Di Martino et al., 2008; Johnson et al., 2007b) variability has been evaluated using choice response tasks with relatively minimal demands for motor response control. These studies found increases in spectrum in specific frequency bands (e.g., 0.027–0.074 Hz) for children with ADHD compared to controls.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Di Martino et al., 2008
The finding of greater low-frequency spectra in ADHD on the simple task is consistent with two prior studies using a flanker task (Castellanos et al., 2005; Di Martino et al., 2008).
“This is consistent with findings from two studies from the same group (Castellanos et al., 2005; Di Martino et al., 2008) using a flanker task.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Di Martino et al., 2008
In general, FFT analyses of ADHD studies found that the ADHD group differed from controls because of increased power in the frequency band reflecting periodic cycles about every 10-20 seconds, which increases variance of the reaction-time distribution.
“In general, FFT analyses of these studies revealed that the ADHD group differed from the controls owing to an increase in power in the frequency band reflecting periodic cycles about every 10-20 s (as hypothesized by Castellanos) that increase variance of the RT distribution.”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Di Martino et al (2008)
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- Authors
- Di Martino, A., Ghaffari, M., Curchack, J., Reiss, P., Hyde, C., Vannucci, M., Petkova, E., Klein, D. F., & Castellanos, F. X.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- New York University (US)
- BioAssessments (United States) (US)
- Rice University (US)
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 607-614
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2707839
- OpenAlex
- W2080693567
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh067763-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH-067763)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016979)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time variability, low-frequency fluctuations, flanker task, children, Morlet wavelet transform
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Child, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Prevalence
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