Developmental disruption of gamma-aminobutyric acid function in the medial prefrontal cortex by noncontingent cocaine exposure during early adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Background Drug experimentation during adolescence is associated with increased risk of drug addiction relative to any other age group. To further understand the neurobiology underlying such liability, we investigate how early adolescent cocaine experience impacts medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) network function in adulthood.Methods A noncontingent administration paradigm was used to assess the impact of early adolescent cocaine treatment (rats; postnatal days [PD] 35-40) on the overall inhibitory regulation of mPFC activity in adulthood (PD 65-75) by means of histochemical and in vivo electrophysiological measures combined with pharmacologic manipulations.Results Cocaine exposure during early adolescence yields a distinctive hypermetabolic prefrontal cortex state that was not observed in adult-treated rats (PD 75-80). Local field potential recordings revealed that early adolescent cocaine exposure is associated with an attenuation of mPFC gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition evoked by ventral hippocampal stimulation at beta and gamma frequencies that endures throughout adulthood. Such cocaine-induced mPFC disinhibition was not observed in adult-exposed animals. Furthermore, the normal developmental upregulation of parvalbumin immunoreactivity observed in the mPFC from PD 35 to PD 65 is lacking following early adolescent cocaine treatment.Conclusions Our data indicate that repeated cocaine exposure during early adolescence can elicit a state of mPFC disinhibition resulting from a functional impairment of the local prefrontal GABAergic network that endures through adulthood. A lack of acquisition of prefrontal GABAergic function during adolescence could trigger long-term deficits in the mPFC that may increase the susceptibility for the onset of substance abuse and related psychiatric disorders.
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In rodents, cocaine exposure in adolescence, but not adulthood, produces a long-lasting attenuation of medial PFC GABAergic activity and parvalbumin cell expression that remains evident in adulthood.
“In rodents, cocaine exposure in adolescence, but not adulthood, produces a long-lasting attenuation of medial PFC (mPFC) GABAergic activity and parvalbumin cell expression that remains evident in adulthood (Cass et al., 2013).”
From Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence (2017) · cites this paper as Cass et al., 2013
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Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence
Jordan, C. J., & Andersen, S. L. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Mechanisms contributing to prefrontal cortex maturation during adolescence
Caballero, A., Granberg, R., & Tseng, K. Y. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.013 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“As reviewed here, susceptibility to developmental insults is certainly high during the periadolescent transition period, an impact that is likely to disrupt PFC maturation and functioning through adulthood (Cass et al., 2014; Cass et al., 2013; Thomases et al., 2014; Thomases et al., 2013).”
Self-citationGABAergic Function as a Limiting Factor for Prefrontal Maturation during Adolescence
Caballero, A. C., & Tseng, K. Y. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.010 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationCass, D. K., Flores-Barrera, E., Thomases, D. R., Vital, W. F., Caballero, A. C., & Tseng, K. Y. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.14 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationConsequences of adolescent use of alcohol and other drugs: Studies using rodent models
SPEAR, L. P. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.026 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“…gross structural alterations (Wheeler et al, 2013), such exposure has been reported to induce long-lasting increases in metabolic activity in the PFC, a “hypermetabolic PFC” than contrasts with the hypometabolic state reported after repeated cocaine exposure in adulthood (Cass et al, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSalmanzadeh, H., Ahmadi‐Soleimani, S. M., Pachenari, N., Azadi, M., Halliwell, R. F., Rubino, T., & Azizi, H. (2020) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.007 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Caballero, A., Orozco, A., & Tseng, K. Y. (2021) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.008 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationFlores-Barrera, E., Thomases, D. R., Heng, L., Cass, D. K., Caballero, A. C., & Tseng, K. Y. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.033 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationCaballero, A. C., Thomases, D. R., Flores-Barrera, E., Cass, D. K., & Tseng, K. Y. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3216-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationCaballero, A., Flores-Barrera, E., Thomases, D. R., & Tseng, K. Y. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0709-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationHypervulnerability of the adolescent prefrontal cortex to nutritional stress via reelin deficiency
Labouesse, M. A., Lassalle, O., Richetto, J., Iafrati, J., Weber‐Stadlbauer, U., Notter, T., Gschwind, T., Pujadas, L., Soriano, E., Reichelt, A. C., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.193 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse
Andersen, S. L. (2019) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100140 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“In terms of drug abuse, non-contingent cocaine exposure in adolescent, but not adult, rodents produced an enduring attenuation of medial prefrontal GABAergic activity and PV cell expression, which is postulated to increase the risk of SUD long-term (Cass et al., 2013).”
BackgroundReynolds, L. M., Makowski, C., Yogendran, S., Kießling, S., Cermakian, N., & Flores, C. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.287 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In parallel to these changes in dopamine circuitry, local mPFC neurons shift towards a mature state of responsiveness to the modulatory effects of dopamine (Spear, 2000; Tseng and O’Donnell, 2007; O’Donnell, 2011; Cass et al, 2013).”
BackgroundSlaker, M. L., Barnes, J., Sorg, B. A., & Grimm, J. W. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168256 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Genetic Architecture and Molecular Neuropathology of Human Cocaine Addiction
Huggett, S. B., & Stallings, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2879-19.2020 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“PFC GABAergic signaling is sparsely studied in rodent models of cocaine use, but some evidence suggests that GABA regulates prefrontal disinhibition (Cass et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGarcia-Oscos, F., Peña, D., Housini, M., Cheng, D., Lopez, D., Borland, M. S., Salgado-Delgado, R., Salgado, H., D’Mello, S., Kilgard, M. P., et al. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.020 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Caffino, L., Calabrese, F., Giannotti, G., Barbon, A., Verheij, M. M. M., Racagni, G., & Fumagalli, F. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12089 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“We then shifted our attention to the GABA network, as it has recently been shown that non-contingent cocaine exposure during adolescence disrupts GABA functions in the mPFC (Cass et al. 2013).”
BackgroundKim, J. E., Kim, G. H., Hwang, J., Kim, J., Renshaw, P. F., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Kim, B., Kang, I., Jeon, S.-R., Ma, J., et al. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12473 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Furthermore, converging evidence from preclinical studies suggests that exposure to psychostimulants during the critical period of prefrontal development may induce long-lasting changes in the brain that may contribute to the progression of addictive behaviors into adulthood (Cass et al. 2013).”
InfluentialFlores-Barrera, E., Thomases, D. R., Cass, D. K., Bhandari, A., Schwarcz, R. M., Bruno, J. P., & Tseng, K. Y. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0932-17.2017 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Accordingly, the frequency-dependent LFP disinhibition elicited by PFC infusion of KYNA is indistinguishable from that induced by the GABAAR antagonist picrotoxin (Cass et al., 2013; Thomases et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationVargas, J. P., Díaz, E., Portavella, M., & López, J. C. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00206 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Perreault, M. L., O’Dowd, B. F., & George, S. R. (2014) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000360158 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shepard, R. M., Heslin, K. A., & Coutellier, L. D. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“These changes contribute to the acquisition of inhibitory control through a gain of local GABAergic function (Thomases et al., 2013; Cass et al., 2013).”
BackgroundYang, B., Wang, X., Gao, C., Meng, C., Guan, Q., Tian, J., & Komatsu, S. (2016) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00206 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shi, P., Nie, J., Liu, H., Li, Y., Lu, X., Shen, X., Ge, F., Yuan, T., & Guan, X. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201802192rr · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“animals, repeated exposure to amphetamine from P27 to P45 suppress IPSCs of mPFC in mice at the young adult stage (36), whereas cocaine exposure from P35 to P40 disrupts GABAergic network in mPFC, which subsequently accounts for the disinhibition status for mPFC in adult rats (37).”
BackgroundFlores-Barrera, E., Thomases, D. R., & Tseng, K. Y. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0581-20.2020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“I imbalance observed in the PFC of adolescent MK-801-treated rats could arise from a deficient recruitment of local GABAergic function by excitatory inputs during adolescence (Cass et al., 2013; Thomases et al. 2013, 2014; Caballero et al., 2014b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlves, C. J., Magalhães, A., Melo, P., de Sousa, L., Tavares, M. A., Monteiro, P. R. R., & Summavielle, T. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Compromised medial prefrontal cortex function predicts the development of impulsive behavior and impaired decision-making, which are behavioral traits associated with increased susceptibility for substance abuse (Cass et al., 2013; Kuhn et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialLópez‐Arnau, R., Luján, M. Á., Duart-Castells, L., Pubill, D., Camarasa, J., Valverde, O., & Escubedo, E. (2017) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13771 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Adolescence is a period of particular vulnerability to drug addiction (Cass et al., 2013), being a period of life in which different psychiatric disorders emerge (Paus et al.”
BackgroundLabouesse, M. A., Polesel, M., Clementi, E., Müller, F., Markkanen, E., Mouttet, F., Cattaneo, A., & Richetto, J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26631-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Maturation of Corticolimbic Functional Connectivity During Sensitive Periods of Brain Development
Yang, S., & Tseng, K. Y. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_239 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHankosky, E. R., Westbrook, S. R., Haake, R. M., Willing, J., Raetzman, L. T., Juraska, J. M., & Gulley, J. M. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.047 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kang, S., Paul, K., Hankosky, E. R., Cox, C. L., & Gulley, J. M. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.064 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous work in adolescent rats exposed to cocaine (Cass et al., 2013) or cannabinoids (Cass et al., 2014) has also demonstrated lasting changes (up to 35 days) in inhibitory tone in the mPFC.”
BackgroundFernández, A. M. M. M., Molla, H. M., Thomases, D. R., & Tseng, K. Y. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1941-20.2020 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabinoid CB1 receptor-sensitive neurodevelopmental processes and trajectories
Tseng, K. Y., & Molla, H. M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03057-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent‐onset GABA Aα1 silencing regulates reward‐related decision making
Butkovich, L. M., DePoy, L. M., Allen, A. G., Shapiro, L. P., Swanson, A. M., & Gourley, S. L. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12995 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As another example, cocaine exposure results in a hypo-metabolic state in the prefrontal cortex of mature rats, whereas the same cocaine exposure protocol applied in adolescence has the opposite effects (Cass et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKhan, A., de Jong, L. A. W., Kamenski, M. E., Higa, K. K., Lucero, J. D., Young, J. W., Behrens, M. M., & Powell, S. B. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.022 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Adriani and Laviola (2002), Andersen et al. (2000), Beasley and Reynolds (1997), Benes and Berretta (2001), Berk et al. (2008), Cass et al. (2013), Ceylan et al. (2010), Gonchar et al. (2007), Hashimoto (2003), Kelley and Lang (1989), Lavoie et al. (2007), Leeson et al. (2009), Leo et al. (2009),…”
Paul, K., Kang, S., Cox, C. L., & Gulley, J. M. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kang, S., Cox, C. L., & Gulley, J. M. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.037 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Notably, peri-adolescent alterantions in dopamine signaling by cocaine exposure has been shown to abolish the HFS-induced LTD in the ventral hippocampus-mPFC circuit in adulthood (Cass et al., 2013).”
InfluentialEnduring Effects of Adolescent Drug Exposure
Kuhn, C. M., Wilson, W., & Swartzwelder, S. H. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.030 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“(3) study raises the concern that longlasting effects on the part of the brain that we rely on for our most sophisticated thinking may be changed permanently by this exposure.”
BackgroundInfluentialDai, J., Chen, Y., & Sakata, J. T. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.032 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sherrill, L. K., & Gulley, J. M. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.028 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“For example, D1and D2-mediated increases in GABAergic interneuron excitability occurs sometime between P36 and P50 in male rats (Tseng and O’Donnell, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialCarpenter, M. D., Manners, M. T., Heller, E. A., & Blendy, J. A. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12994 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“netic modifications at genes associated with the dopamine transmission during adulthood at 1 and 28 days of withdrawal.(3,19) Adolescent mice were exposed to oxycodone from PND 28 to 56 to ensure the coverage of the entire period in which neurobehavioral discontinuities from younger and older mice are evident.”
BackgroundPurgianto, A., Weinfeld, M. E., & Wolf, M. E. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12430 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This technique has proven effective in teasing out GABA components in other brain areas, and demonstrating changes in the GABA component after experimental manipulations (Thomases et al., 2013; Cass et al., 2013; Jayasinghe et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZou, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, X., Ji, W., Mao, L., & Lei, H. C. (2019) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104503 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Molla, H. M., Fernández, A. M. M. M., & Tseng, K. Y. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01844-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationHenderson, B. J., Young, L. E., Olszewski, N. A., Tetteh-Quarshie, S., Maddox, S. K., Simpkins, M. A., Dudich, M. C., McGlauglin, M. S., Weinsweig, Z. C., & Cooper, S. Y. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-07272-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Previousstudieshaveshownthatotherdrugsof dependence(amphetamineandcocaine)givenatadolescenttimepoints produceanenhancementinmPFCneuronalexcitabilitybyattenuating GABAergicinhibitorysignalingandthispersistsintoadulthood 29,30 .”
mPFC DUSP1 mediates adolescent cocaine exposure‐induced higher sensitivity to drug in adulthood
Wei, X., Chang, J., Cheng, Z., Chen, W., Guo, H., Liu, Z., Mai, Y., Hu, T., Zhang, Y., Cai, Q., et al. (2023) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202356981 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Cass et al (2013) found that adolescent cocaine administration produced mPFC disinhibition that endured throughout adulthood.”
GABA system in the prefrontal cortex involved in psychostimulant addiction
Shi, W., Li, M., Zhang, T., Yang, C., Zhao, D., & Bai, J. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae319 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yang, B., Balodis, I. M., Hedy Kober, A., Worhunsky, P. D., Lacadie, C., Gelernter, J. E., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106695 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Shi, S., Chen, T., Su, H., & Zhao, M. (2025) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584241310156 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Very Long-Term Effects of Chronic Cocaine on Anxiety and Stress
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“In both models, impaired cortical GABAergic function accompanies cognitive deficits (Cass et al. 2013; Tse et al. 2015).”
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“al (26) found that adolescent cocaine administration produced mPFC 280 disinhibition that endured throughout adulthood.”
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“55 blockade, which was later verified to occur in response to repeated cocaine exposure [192].”
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Gil‐Rodríguez, S., Claros, S., Romero‐Zerbo, S., Zamorano-González, P., Berdugo-Gómez, M., Gómez-Roldán, M. D. C., Mañas‐Padilla, M. C., Martín‐Montañez, E., Garcia‐Fernandez, M. I., & Santín, L. J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7650008
- Authors
- Cass, D. K., Thomases, D. R., Caballero, A., & Tseng, K. Y.
- Affiliations
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tseng, Kuei Y.
- ORCID
- Caballero, Adriana
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 490-501
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3722277
- OpenAlex
- W2084965555
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DA004093, MH086507)
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- cocaine, adolescent drug exposure, medial prefrontal cortex, GABAergic inhibition, parvalbumin, disinhibition, ventral hippocampus, beta and gamma oscillations, local field potentials, developmental disruption, addiction liability, substance abuse risk
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Benzodiazepines, Cocaine, Hippocampus, Male, Neural Inhibition, Neural Pathways, Picrotoxin, Receptors, GABA-A, Thiophenes, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex, GABA Antagonists, GABA Modulators, Rats, GABAergic Neurons
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