Prenatal Maternal Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations With Infant Brain Connectivity
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Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused substantially elevated distress in pregnant individuals, which has the potential to affect the developing infant brain. Our main objective was to understand how prenatal distress was related to infant brain structure and function and whether social support moderated the associations.Methods The Pregnancy during the COVID-19 Pandemic (PdP) cohort study collected Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Anxiety scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Social Support Effectiveness Questionnaire data from a population-based sample of pregnant individuals living in Canada (N = 8602). For a subsample of participants, their infants (n = 75) underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 3 months of age to examine whether prenatal maternal distress was associated with infant brain architecture, including the role of social support as a potential protective factor.Results Overall, 33.4% of participants demonstrated clinically elevated depression symptoms and 47.1% of participants demonstrated clinically elevated anxiety symptoms. We identified lower social support as a significant predictor of clinically elevated prenatal maternal distress (t 8598 = -22.3, p < .001). Fifty-eight diffusion image datasets (20 female/38 male, 92 ± 14 days old) and 41 functional datasets (13 female/28 male, 92 ± 14 days old) were included in our analysis after removal of poor-quality images and infants without postpartum maternal distress scores. We found significant relationships between prenatal maternal distress and infant amygdala-prefrontal microstructural and functional connectivity measures, and we demonstrate for the first time that social support moderates these relationships.Conclusions Our findings suggest a potentially long-lasting impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and show that social support acts as a possible mediator not just for pregnant individuals but also developing infants. These findings provide timely evidence to inform clinical practice and policy surrounding the care of pregnant individuals and highlight the importance of social support.
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Infants of women who were pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic with low social support display weaker connectivity between the right amygdala and superior orbitofrontal cortex.
“Infants of women who were pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic with low social support reportedly display weaker connectivity between the right amygdala and superior orbitofrontal cortex [113].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [113]
The Results (Infant Brain Structure and Function) report weaker right amygdala–superior orbitofrontal connectivity with higher prenatal distress among infants whose mothers reported low social support. The claim omits the higher-distress condition and implies that low social support alone is associated with weaker connectivity, which the passage does not establish. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Early Infant Subcortical Volume is Associated with Maternal Prenatal Depression
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- Authors
- Manning, K. Y., Long, X., Watts, D., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., Giesbrecht, G. F., & Lebel, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lebel, Catherine
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 701-708
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9110020
- OpenAlex
- W4280587578
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 10.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs
- Gesellschaft für Genetik
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, social support, maternal anxiety, postpartum depression, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, functional connectivity, infant brain development
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Anxiety, Brain, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Pregnancy, Cohort Studies, Pandemics
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