One size does not fit all: Methodological considerations for brain-based predictive modeling in psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
Psychiatric illnesses are heterogeneous in nature. No illness manifests in the same way across individuals, and no two patients with a shared diagnosis exhibit identical symptom profiles. Over the last several decades, group-level analyses of in vivo neuroimaging data have led to fundamental advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric illnesses. More recently, access to computational resources and large, publicly available datasets alongside the rise of predictive modeling and precision medicine approaches have facilitated the study of psychiatric illnesses at an individual level. Data-driven machine learning analyses can be applied to identify disease-relevant biological subtypes, predict individual symptom profiles, and recommend personalized therapeutic interventions. However, when developing these predictive models, methodological choices must be carefully considered to ensure accurate, robust, and interpretable results. Choices pertaining to algorithms, neuroimaging modalities and states, data transformation, phenotypes, parcellations, sample sizes, and populations we are specifically studying can influence model performance. Here, we review applications of neuroimaging-based machine learning models to study psychiatric illnesses and discuss the effects of different methodological choices on model performance. An understanding of these effects is crucial for the proper implementation of predictive models in psychiatry and will facilitate more accurate diagnoses, prognoses, and therapeutics.
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FCS alterations in these regions have been proven to be related to regulation of widespread cognitive, emotional, and executive control functions in MDD.
“The FCS alterations in these regions have been proven to be related to the regulation of widespread cognitive, emotional, and executive control functions in patients with MDD [6, 42-50].”
From Mapping neurophysiological subtypes of major depressive disorder using normative models of the functional connectome (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Dhamala, E., Yeo, B. T. T., & Holmes, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Dhamala, Elvisha
- Holmes, Avram J.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 717-728
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4298007405
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation Singapore
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH120080, R01MH123245)
- Naval Medical Research Center (OFLCG19May-0035, STaR20nov-0003)
- NUS (NUHSRO/2020/124/TMR/LOA)
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- machine learning, neuroimaging, precision psychiatry, individual-level analysis, disease subtypes, symptom prediction, personalized treatment, model interpretability, methodological choices, neuroimaging modalities, brain parcellation, sample size
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Brain, Psychiatry, Precision Medicine, Neuroimaging
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