Cited by 318Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

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Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: Role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Mistlberger, Ralph E.·2005·Brain Research Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.01.005

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Abstract

Despite significant progress in elucidating the molecular basis for circadian oscillations, the neural mechanisms by which the circadian clock organizes daily rhythms of behavioral state in mammals remain poorly understood. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate a conceptual model that views sleep expression as the outcome of opponent processes-a circadian clock-dependent alerting process that opposes sleep during the daily wake period, and a homeostatic process by which sleep drive builds during waking and is dissipated during sleep after circadian alerting declines. This model is based primarily on the evidence that in a diurnal primate, the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), ablation of the master circadian clock (the suprachiasmatic nucleus; SCN) induces a significant expansion of total daily sleep duration and a reduction in sleep latency in the dark. According to this model, the circadian clock actively promotes wake but only passively gates sleep; thus, loss of circadian clock alerting by SCN ablation impairs the ability to sustain wakefulness and causes sleep to expand. For comparison, two additional conceptual models are described, one in which the circadian clock actively promotes sleep but not wake, and a third in which the circadian clock actively promotes both sleep and wake, at different circadian phases. Sleep in intact and SCN-damaged rodents and humans is first reviewed, to determine how well the data fit these conceptual models. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies are then reviewed, to examine the evidence for direct and indirect interactions between the SCN circadian clock and sleep-wake circuits. Finally, sleep in SCN-ablated squirrel monkeys is re-examined, to consider its compatibility with alternative models of circadian regulation of sleep. In aggregate, the behavioral and neurobiological evidence suggests that in rodents and humans, the circadian clock actively promotes both wake and sleep, at different phases of the circadian cycle. The hypersomnia of SCN-ablated squirrel monkeys is unique in magnitude, but is not incompatible with a role for the SCN pacemaker in actively promoting sleep.

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Authors: Mistlberger, R. E.
Affiliations: Simon Fraser University (CA)
Corresponding author: Mistlberger, Ralph E.
ORCID: Mistlberger, Ralph E.
Venue: Brain Research Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-11
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 429-454
ISSN: 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.01.005
OpenAlex: W1984524952
Cited by: 318
References: 253
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 1.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords: suprachiasmatic nucleus, circadian clock, sleep-wake regulation, sleep homeostasis, sleep drive, hypersomnia, squirrel monkey, circadian pacemaker
MeSH terms: Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Mammals, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Mice, Rats

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Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: Role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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