Cited by 508Immune cells in cancerCardiac Fibrosis and RemodelingAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?

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Parisi, Luca, Gini, Elisabetta, Baci, Denisa, Tremolati, Marco, Fanuli, Matteo, Bassani, Barbara, Farronato, Giampietro, Bruno, Antonino +1 more·2018·Journal of Immunology Research

Abstract

Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in "distant" pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.

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Authors
Parisi, L., Gini, E., Baci, D., Tremolati, M., Fanuli, M., Bassani, B., Farronato, G., Bruno, A., & Mortara, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • University of Insubria (IT)
  • MultiMedica (IT)
Corresponding author
  • Parisi, Luca
  • Bassani, Barbara
Venue
Journal of Immunology Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018
Volume
2018
Pages
1-25
ISSN
  • 2314-7156 (ISSN-L)
  • 2314-8861
OpenAlex
W2783643850
Cited by
508
References
265
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 1
FWCI
4.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Immunology Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords
macrophage polarization, chronic inflammation, macrophage heterogeneity, macrophage plasticity, cancer-associated macrophages, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, biomarkers, therapeutic target
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Differentiation, Chronic Disease, Humans, Immune System Diseases, Inflammation, Macrophages, Cytokines, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells

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