The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mapping the Genetic Landscape of Human Cells
Open accessAbstract
Seminal yeast studies have established the value of comprehensively mapping genetic interactions (GIs) for inferring gene function. Efforts in human cells using focused gene sets underscore the utility of this approach, but the feasibility of generating large-scale, diverse human GI maps remains unresolved. We developed a CRISPR interference platform for large-scale quantitative mapping of human GIs. We systematically perturbed 222,784 gene pairs in two cancer cell lines. The resultant maps cluster functionally related genes, assigning function to poorly characterized genes, including TMEM261, a new electron transport chain component. Individual GIs pinpoint unexpected relationships between pathways, exemplified by a specific cholesterol biosynthesis intermediate whose accumulation induces deoxynucleotide depletion, causing replicative DNA damage and a synthetic-lethal interaction with the ATR/9-1-1 DNA repair pathway. Our map provides a broad resource, establishes GI maps as a high-resolution tool for dissecting gene function, and serves as a blueprint for mapping the genetic landscape of human cells.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“we next explored the use of direct capture Perturb-seq to study genetic interactions, specifically a complex set of GIs we recently identified between genes that control cholesterol biosynthesis (e.g. FDPS, MVD, and IDI1) and genes that facilitate DNA repair (e.g. ATR and genes encoding components of the 9–1-1 complex)28.”
From Combinatorial single-cell CRISPR screens by direct guide RNA capture and targeted sequencing (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“We previously proposed a model for GIs between cholesterol biosynthesis and DNA repair genes wherein repression of the former leads to the buildup of toxic metabolic intermediates in cells, which then cause replicative stress and genotoxin-activated cell cycle arrest28.”
From Combinatorial single-cell CRISPR screens by direct guide RNA capture and targeted sequencing (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In our data, we observed rates of novel pairs varying from 0.09–0.15 across experiments, which is roughly consistent with a previous report28.”
From Combinatorial single-cell CRISPR screens by direct guide RNA capture and targeted sequencing (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“We and others have established that functionally related genes interact similarly—in geometric terms the GI manifold is therefore highly constrained, enabling imputation strategies (1, 2, 7, 12, 29).”
From Exploring genetic interaction manifolds constructed from rich single-cell phenotypes (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Primary cell types readily obtained from human adult donors, such as skin fibroblasts or peripheral blood cells, can be reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by the transient expression of four transcription factors, such as the so-called “Yamanaka factors”89,90”
From CRISPR-based functional genomics for neurological disease (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases
Manolio, T. A., Collins, F. S., Cox, N. J., Goldstein, D. B., Hindorff, L. A., Hunter, D. J., McCarthy, M. I., Ramos, E. M., Cardon, L. R., Chakravarti, A., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08494 · Cited by 8,336
Szklarczyk, D., Morris, J. H., Cook, H., Kuhn, M., Wyder, S., Simonovic, M., Santos, A., Doncheva, N. T., Roth, A., Bork, P., et al. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw937 · Cited by 6,980
Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression
Qi, L. S., Larson, M. H., Gilbert, L. A., Doudna, J. A., Weissman, J. S., Arkin, A. P., & Lim, W. A. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022 · Cited by 5,016
Self-citationCytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization
Smoot, M. E., Ono, K., Ruscheinski, J., Wang, P., & Ideker, T. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq675 · Cited by 4,770
CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Gilbert, L. A., Larson, M. H., Morsut, L., Liu, Z., Brar, G. A., Torres, S. E., Stern-Ginossar, N., Brandman, O., Whitehead, E. H., Doudna, J. A., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.044 · Cited by 3,696
Self-citationDefining a Cancer Dependency Map
Tsherniak, A., Vazquez, F., Montgomery, P. G., Weir, B. A., Kryukov, G., Cowley, G. S., Gill, S., Harrington, W. F., Pantel, S., Krill-Burger, J. M., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.010 · Cited by 3,276
Open source clustering software
de Hoon, M., Imoto, S., Nolan, J., & Miyano, S. (2004) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth078 · Cited by 3,047
Java Treeview—extensible visualization of microarray data
Saldanha, A. J. (2004) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth349 · Cited by 2,991
A subcellular map of the human proteome
Thul, P. J., Åkesson, L., Wiking, M., Mahdessian, D., Geladaki, A., Ait Blal, H., Alm, T., Asplund, A., Björk, L., Breckels, L. M., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal3321 · Cited by 2,813
Genome-Scale CRISPR-Mediated Control of Gene Repression and Activation
Gilbert, L. A., Horlbeck, M. A., Adamson, B., Villalta, J. E., Chen, Y., Whitehead, E. H., Guimaraes, C., Panning, B., Ploegh, H. L., Bassik, M. C., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.029 · Cited by 2,728
Self-citationThe Genetic Landscape of a Cell
Costanzo, M., Baryshnikova, A., Bellay, J., Kim, Y., Spear, E. D., Sevier, C. S., Ding, H., Koh, J. L. Y., Toufighi, K., Mostafavi, S., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1180823 · Cited by 2,162
Systematic Genetic Analysis with Ordered Arrays of Yeast Deletion Mutants
Tong, A. H. Y., Evangelista, M., Parsons, A. B., Xu, H., Bader, G. D., Pagé, N., Robinson, M., Raghibizadeh, S., Hogue, C. W. V., Bussey, H., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1065810 · Cited by 2,138
Global Mapping of the Yeast Genetic Interaction Network
Tong, A. H. Y., Lesage, G., Bader, G. D., Ding, H., Xu, H., Xin, X., Young, J., Berriz, G. F., Brost, R. L., Chang, M., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1091317 · Cited by 2,089
The DNA Damage Response: Ten Years After
Harper, J. W., & Elledge, S. J. (2007) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.015 · Cited by 1,705
Identification and characterization of essential genes in the human genome
Wang, T., Birsoy, K., Hughes, N. W., Krupczak, K. M., Post, Y., Wei, J. J., Lander, E. S., & Sabatini, D. M. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac7041 · Cited by 1,617
High-Resolution CRISPR Screens Reveal Fitness Genes and Genotype-Specific Cancer Liabilities.
Hart, T., Chandrashekhar, M., Aregger, M., Steinhart, Z., Brown, K. R., MacLeod, G., Mis, M., Zimmermann, M., Fradet-Turcotte, A., Sun, S., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.015 · Cited by 1,571
MitoCarta2.0: an updated inventory of mammalian mitochondrial proteins
Calvo, S. E., Clauser, K. R., & Mootha, V. K. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv1003 · Cited by 1,251
A global genetic interaction network maps a wiring diagram of cellular function
Costanzo, M., VanderSluis, B., Koch, E. N., Baryshnikova, A., Pons, C., Tan, G., Wang, W., Usaj, M., Hanchard, J., Lee, S. D., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf1420 · Cited by 1,240
High-throughput functional genomics using CRISPR-Cas9
Shalem, O., Sanjana, N. E., & Zhang, F. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3899 · Cited by 1,233
Adamson, B., Norman, T. M., Jost, M., Cho, M. Y., Nuñez, J. K., Chen, Y., Villalta, J. E., Gilbert, L. A., Horlbeck, M. A., Hein, M. Y., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.048 · Cited by 1,193
Self-citationHorlbeck, M. A., Gilbert, L. A., Villalta, J. E., Adamson, B., Pak, R. A., Chen, Y., Fields, A. P., Park, C. Y., Corn, J. E., Kampmann, M., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.19760 · Cited by 894
Self-citationSchuldiner, M., Collins, S. R., Thompson, N. J., Denic, V., Bhamidipati, A., Punna, T., Ihmels, J., Andrews, B., Boone, C., Greenblatt, J. F., et al. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.031 · Cited by 870
Self-citationCollins, S. R., Miller, K. M., Maas, N. L., Roguev, A., Fillingham, J., Chu, C. S., Schuldiner, M., Gebbia, M., Recht, J., Shales, M., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05649 · Cited by 869
Self-citationPrinciples for the Buffering of Genetic Variation
Hartman IV, J. L. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5506.1001 · Cited by 808
Principles for the buffering of genetic variation
Hartman, J. L., Garvik, B., & Hartwell, L. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1056072 · Cited by 808
CRISPRi-based genome-scale identification of functional long noncoding RNA loci in human cells
Liu, S. J., Horlbeck, M. A., Cho, S. W., Birk, H. S., Malatesta, M., He, D. X., Attenello, F. J., Villalta, J. E., Cho, M. Y., Chen, Y., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aah7111 · Cited by 756
Self-citationComprehensive Characterization of Genes Required for Protein Folding in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Jonikas, M. C., Collins, S. R., Denic, V., Oh, E., Toyama, E. Q., Schmid, V., Weibezahn, J., Schwappach, B., Walter, P., Weissman, J. S., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167983 · Cited by 723
Self-citationGlobal, quantitative and dynamic mapping of protein subcellular localization
Itzhak, D. N., Tyanova, S., Cox, J., & Borner, G. H. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.16950 · Cited by 649
Wang, T., Yu, H., Hughes, N. W., Liu, B., Kendirli, A., Klein, K., Chen, W. W., Lander, E. S., & Sabatini, D. M. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.013 · Cited by 632
Accessory subunits are integral for assembly and function of human mitochondrial complex I
Stroud, D. A., Surgenor, E. E., Formosa, L. E., Reljić, B., Frazier, A. E., Dibley, M. G., Osellame, L. D., Stait, T. L., Beilharz, T. H., Thorburn, D. R., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19754 · Cited by 613
Modular epistasis in yeast metabolism
Segrè, D., DeLuna, A., Church, G. M., & Kishony, R. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1489 · Cited by 575
A DNA Integrity Network in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Pan, X., Ye, P., Yuan, D., Wang, X., Bader, J. S., & Boeke, J. D. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.036 · Cited by 540
Han, K., Jeng, E. E., Hess, G. T., Morgens, D. W., Li, A., & Bassik, M. C. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3834 · Cited by 498
Rewiring of Genetic Networks in Response to DNA Damage
Bandyopadhyay, S., Mehta, M., Kuo, D., Sung, M.-K., Chuang, R., Jaehnig, E. J., Bodenmiller, B., Licon, K., Copeland, W., Shales, M., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1195618 · Cited by 447
Nucleosomes impede Cas9 access to DNA in vivo and in vitro
Horlbeck, M. A., Witkowsky, L. B., Guglielmi, B., Replogle, J. M., Gilbert, L. A., Villalta, J. E., Torigoe, S. E., Tjian, R., & Weissman, J. S. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.12677 · Cited by 429
Self-citationAlendronate Is a Specific, Nanomolar Inhibitor of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase
Bergstrom, J. D., Bostedor, R. G., Masarachia, P. J., Reszka, A. A., & Rodan, G. A. (2000) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1502 · Cited by 411
Cholesterol Biosynthesis: A Mechanistic Overview
Cerqueira, N. M. F. S. A., Oliveira, E. F., Gesto, D., Santos‐Martins, D., Moreira, C., Moorthy, H. N., Ramos, M. J., & Fernandes, P. A. (2016) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00342 · Cited by 383
A Systematic Mammalian Genetic Interaction Map Reveals Pathways Underlying Ricin Susceptibility
Bassik, M. C., Kampmann, M., Lebbink, R. J., Wang, S., Hein, M. Y., Poser, I., Weibezahn, J., Horlbeck, M. A., Chen, S., Mann, M., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.030 · Cited by 365
Self-citationCombinatorial CRISPR–Cas9 screens for de novo mapping of genetic interactions
Shen, J. P., Zhao, D., Sasik, R., Luebeck, J., Birmingham, A., Bojorquez-Gomez, A., Licon, K., Klepper, K., Pekin, D., Beckett, A. N., et al. (2017) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4225 · Cited by 359
A Robust Toolkit for Functional Profiling of the Yeast Genome
Pan, X., Yuan, D., Xiang, D., Wang, X., Sookhai-Mahadeo, S., Bader, J. S., Hieter, P., Spencer, F. A., & Boeke, J. D. (2004) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.035 · Cited by 314
Multiplexed barcoded CRISPR-Cas9 screening enabled by CombiGEM
Wong, A. S. L., Choi, G. C. G., Cui, C. H., Pregernig, G., Milani, P., Adam, M., Perli, S. D., Kazer, S. W., Gaillard, A., Hermann, M., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1517883113 · Cited by 240
Genetic interaction mapping in mammalian cells using CRISPR interference
Du, D., Roguev, A., Gordon, D. E., Chen, M., Chen, S., Shales, M., Shen, J. P., Ideker, T., Mali, P., Qi, L. S., et al. (2017) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4286 · Cited by 168
Functional Repurposing Revealed by Comparing S. pombe and S. cerevisiae Genetic Interactions
Frost, A. S., Elgort, M., Brandman, O., Ives, C., Collins, S. R., Miller-Vedam, L. E., Weibezahn, J., Hein, M. Y., Poser, I., Mann, M., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.028 · Cited by 164
Self-citationDual gene activation and knockout screen reveals directional dependencies in genetic networks
Boettcher, M., Tian, R., Blau, J. A., Markegard, E., Wagner, R. T., Wu, D., Mo, X., Biton, A., Zaitlen, N., Fu, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4062 · Cited by 153
Self-citationHigh-throughput genetic interaction mapping in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Roguev, A., Wirén, M., Weissman, J. S., & Krogan, N. J. (2007) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth1098 · Cited by 144
Self-citationBabu, M., Arnold, R. R., Bundalovic-Torma, C., Gagarinova, A. G., Wong, K. S., Kumar, A., Stewart, G., Samanfar, B., Aoki, H., Wagih, O., et al. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004120 · Cited by 135
Kampmann, M., Bassik, M. C., & Weissman, J. S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1307002110 · Cited by 123
Self-citationA map of directional genetic interactions in a metazoan cell
Fischer, B., Sandmann, T., Horn, T. L., Billmann, M., Chaudhary, V., Huber, W. K., & Boutros, M. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.05464 · Cited by 106
Quantitative genetic-interaction mapping in mammalian cells
Roguev, A., Talbot, D., Negri, G. L., Shales, M., Cagney, G., Bandyopadhyay, S., Panning, B., & Krogan, N. J. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2398 · Cited by 105
A layout algorithm for undirected compound graphs
Doğrusöz, U., Giral, E., Çetintaş, A., Çivril, A., & Demir, E. (2008) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2008.11.017 · Cited by 103
CRISPR Approaches to Small Molecule Target Identification
Jost, M., & Weissman, J. S. (2018) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.7b00965 · Cited by 88
Self-citationSources of Error in Mammalian Genetic Screens
Sack, L. M., Davoli, T., Xu, Q., Li, M. Z., & Elledge, S. J. (2016) · G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.116.030973 · Cited by 76
Rosenbluh, J., Mercer, J., Shrestha, Y., Oliver, R., Tamayo, P., Doench, J. G., Tirosh, I., Piccioni, F., Hartenian, E., Horn, H., et al. (2016) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.09.001 · Cited by 71
Yu, Z., Surface, L. E., Park, C. Y., Horlbeck, M. A., Wyant, G. A., Abu-Remaileh, M., Peterson, T. R., Sabatini, D. M., Weissman, J. S., & O’Shea, E. K. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.36620 · Cited by 58
Self-citationIRBIT is a novel regulator of ribonucleotide reductase in higher eukaryotes
Arnaoutov, A., & Dasso, M. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1251550 · Cited by 50
Zhu, B., Wei, H., Wang, Q., Li, F., Dai, J., Yan, C., & Cheng, Y. (2017) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.054 · Cited by 45
Baldwin, K. L., Dinh, E. M., Hart, B. M., & Masson, P. (2013) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.041 · Cited by 32
Active interaction mapping reveals the hierarchical organization of autophagy
Kramer, M. H., Farré, J.-C., Mitra, K., Yu, M. K., Ono, K., Demchak, B., Licon, K., Flagg, M., Balakrishnan, R., Cherry, J. M., et al. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.024 · Cited by 31
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The BioGRID interaction database: 2019 update
Oughtred, R., Stark, C., Breitkreutz, B., Rust, J., Boucher, L., Chang, C., Kolas, N. K., O’Donnell, L., Leung, G. C., McAdam, R. F., et al. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky1079 · Cited by 1,474
Past, present, and future of CRISPR genome editing technologies
Pacesa, M., Pelea, O., & Jinek, M. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.042 · Cited by 609
Bock, C., Datlinger, P., Chardon, F. M., Coelho, M. A., Dong, M. B., Lawson, K. A., Lu, T., Maroc, L., Norman, T. M., Song, B., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00093-4 · Cited by 641
Self-citationOpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization
Cho, N. H., Cheveralls, K. C., Brunner, A.-D., Kim, K., Michaelis, A. C., Raghavan, P., Kobayashi, H., Savy, L., Li, J. Y., Canaj, H., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abi6983 · Cited by 567
Self-citationSynthetic lethality as an engine for cancer drug target discovery
Huang, A., Garraway, L. A., Ashworth, A., & Weber, B. L. (2019) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0046-z · Cited by 490
Metadata
- Authors
- Horlbeck, M. A., Xu, A., Wang, M., Bennett, N. K., Park, C. Y., Bogdanoff, D., Adamson, B., Chow, E. D., Kampmann, M., Peterson, T. R., Nakamura, K., Fischbach, M. A., Weissman, J. S., & Gilbert, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Gladstone Institutes (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weissman, Jonathan S.
- Gilbert, Luke A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 953-967.e22
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6426455
- OpenAlex
- W2883377762
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 12.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (P50 GM102706, U01 CA168370, U01 CA217882, R01 DA036858, R00 CA204602, RO1NS091902, DP1 DK113598)
- Goldberg-Benioff Endowed Professorship in Prostate Cancer Translational Biology
- DARPA (HR0011-17-2-0043)
- Byers Family Discovery
- the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRG-[2182-14)
- Stand Up to Cancer Innovative Research Grant
- HHMI-Simons Faculty Scholars Award
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- genetic interactions, CRISPR interference, gene function prediction, cancer cell lines, electron transport chain, cholesterol biosynthesis, synthetic lethality
- MeSH terms
- Cholesterol, Epistasis, Genetic, Humans, Biomarkers, Jurkat Cells, K562 Cells, Protein Interaction Mapping, Gene Regulatory Networks, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
