The amygdala theory of autism
Abstract
Brothers (Brothers L. Concepts in Neuroscience 1990;1:27-51) proposed a network of neural regions that comprise the "social brain", which includes the amygdala. Since the childhood psychiatric condition of autism involves deficits in "social intelligence", it is plausible that autism may be caused by an amygdala abnormality. In this paper we review the evidence for a social function of the amygdala. This includes reference to the Kluver-Bucy syndrome (which Hetzler and Griffin suggested may serve as an animal model of autism). We then review evidence for an amygdala deficit in people with autism, who are well known to have deficits in social behaviour. This includes a detailed summary of our recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study involving judging from the expressions of another person's eyes what that other person might be thinking or feeling. In this study, patients with autism or AS did not activate the amygdala when making mentalistic inferences from the eyes, whilst people without autism did show amygdala activity. The amygdala is therefore proposed to be one of several neural regions that are abnormal in autism. We conclude that the amygdala theory of autism contains promise and suggest some new lines of research.
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Adult monkeys without amygdalae display inappropriate social behavior.
“Moreover, studies in nonhuman primates demonstrate that adult monkeys without amygdalae display inappropriate social behavior (Amaral, 2003, Baron-Cohen et al., 2000, Bliss-Moreau et al., 2011, Brothers et al., 1990, Emery et al., 2001, Malkova et al., 2010).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2000
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Alterations in Neural Processing and Psychopathology in Children Raised in Institutions
Slopen, N., McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.444 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Saygin, Z. M., Osher, D. E., Koldewyn, K., Martin, R. E., Finn, A., Saxe, R., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Sheridan, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125170 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Brief report: significant differences in perceived odor pleasantness found in children with ASD
Hrdlicka, M., Vodicka, J., Havlovicova, M., Urbanek, T., Blatny, M., & Dudova, I. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1084-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 355-364
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2070083499
- Cited by
- 1,130
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 12.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Gatsby Charitable Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, amygdala, social brain, social cognition, Klüver-Bucy syndrome, animal models of autism, amygdala dysfunction, mentalization, gaze, functional MRI
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Autistic Disorder, Humans, Social Behavior
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