SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces immunological T cell memory able to cross-recognize variants from Alpha to Omicron
Open accessAbstract
We address whether T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and NVX-CoV2373) cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants. T cell responses to early variants were preserved across vaccine platforms. By contrast, significant overall decreases were observed for memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies. In subjects ∼6 months post-vaccination, 90% (CD4+) and 87% (CD8+) of memory T cell responses were preserved against variants on average by AIM assay, and 84% (CD4+) and 85% (CD8+) preserved against Omicron. Omicron RBD memory B cell recognition was substantially reduced to 42% compared with other variants. T cell epitope repertoire analysis revealed a median of 11 and 10 spike epitopes recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with average preservation > 80% for Omicron. Functional preservation of the majority of T cell responses may play an important role as a second-level defense against diverse variants.
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Cellular immunity contributes to protection against COVID-19.
“In addition to humoral responses, cellular immunity contributes to protection against COVID-19 and recent evidence suggests that viral-vector and mRNA vaccines elicit long-lasting S-specific or nucleoprotein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, with broad cross-reactivity against VOCs29,30.”
From Efficacy of an unmodified bivalent mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in female small animal models (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says several lines of evidence point to potential roles for T cells in reducing COVID-19 severity and contributing to protection. That supports the direction of the claim, but the citing sentence states the contribution as established, whereas the source qualifies it as potential. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredViral-vector and mRNA vaccines elicit long-lasting S-specific or nucleoprotein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, with broad cross-reactivity against VOCs.
“In addition to humoral responses, cellular immunity contributes to protection against COVID-19 and recent evidence suggests that viral-vector and mRNA vaccines elicit long-lasting S-specific or nucleoprotein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, with broad cross-reactivity against VOCs29,30.”
From Efficacy of an unmodified bivalent mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in female small animal models (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
The Results section reports spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses after mRNA and adenoviral-vector vaccination that largely cross-recognized variants. It also documents memory responses about six months after vaccination, but that later cohort received mRNA vaccines. The paper does not show vaccine-elicited nucleoprotein-specific responses or establish similarly lasting responses for the viral-vector vaccine. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInterest in vaccine-elicited T cell responses has increased due to immune escape by variants, such as Omicron.
“Interest in vaccine-elicited T cell responses has increased due to immune escape by variants, such as Omicron29.”
From Efficacy of an unmodified bivalent mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in female small animal models (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Tarke, A., Coelho, C. H., Zhang, Z., Dan, J. M., Yu, E. D., Methot, N., Bloom, N. I., Goodwin, B., Phillips, E., Mallal, S., Sidney, J., Filaci, G., Weiskopf, D., da Silva Antunes, R., Crotty, S., Grifoni, A., & Sette, A.
- Affiliations
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
- Murdoch University (AU)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Crotty, Shane
- Grifoni, Alba
- Sette, Alessandro
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 847-859.e11
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8784649
- OpenAlex
- W4207047906
- Cited by
- 858
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 166 · 2023: 241 · 2022: 287
- FWCI
- 99.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
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- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 367 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
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- Funders
- NIH
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccination, T cell memory, Omicron variant, SARS-CoV-2 variants, mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2-S, NVX-CoV2373, memory B cells, neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, vaccine platform comparison
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Ad26COVS1, Memory B Cells, Memory T Cells, Epitopes, Humans, Vaccination, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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