Efficient recall of Omicron-reactive B cell memory after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
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Abstract
We examined antibody and memory B cell responses longitudinally for ∼9-10 months after primary 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and 3 months after a 3rd dose. Antibody decay stabilized between 6 and 9 months, and antibody quality continued to improve for at least 9 months after 2-dose vaccination. Spike- and RBD-specific memory B cells remained durable over time, and 40%-50% of RBD-specific memory B cells simultaneously bound the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. Omicron-binding memory B cells were efficiently reactivated by a 3rd dose of wild-type vaccine and correlated with the corresponding increase in neutralizing antibody titers. In contrast, pre-3rd dose antibody titers inversely correlated with the fold-change of antibody boosting, suggesting that high levels of circulating antibodies may limit the added protection afforded by repeat short interval boosting. These data provide insight into the quantity and quality of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity over time through 3 or more antigen exposures.
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A booster serves as a re-exposure to the virus, which creates new antibodies as well as additional and improved memory B-cell responses to fight off future infections.
“A booster serves as a re-exposure to the virus, which creates new antibodies as well as additional and improved memory B-cells responses to fight off future infections.”
From Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of European studies published up to 22 January 2024 (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The Results (Memory B Cell Responses; page unavailable) report that a third mRNA vaccine dose reactivated and expanded memory B cells, while the Results (Immune Relationships and Predictors of Boosted Responses; page unavailable) say boosting re-engaged them to produce new antibodies. The paper describes vaccination as re-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigen, not to the virus itself. It suggests broader memory B-cell responses may protect against future variants, but does not establish that the booster prevents future infections. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe finding that VE decreased over time after primary series but was restored by booster is consistent with the dynamics of antibody titres following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, showing that initial high antibody levels appear to decline over time.
“This finding is consistent with the dynamics of antibody titres following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, showing that the initial high antibody levels appear to decline over time [17–19].”
Booster exposure improves the ability of memory B-cells to recognise unknown variants such as the Omicron strain.
“It has even been found that booster exposure also improves the ability of the memory B-cells to recognise unknown variants such as the Omicron strain [18, 20].”
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Modeling COVID-19 vaccine booster-elicited antibody response and impact of infection history
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Kardava, L., Lim, J., Buckner, C. M., de Assis, F. L., Zhang, X., Wang, W. J., Melnyk, M. L. S., Merhebi, O. E., Trihemasava, K., Teng, I., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115557 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Miyamoto, S., Kuroda, Y., Kanno, T., Ueno, A., Shiwa-Sudo, N., Iwata‐Yoshikawa, N., Sakai, Y., Nagata, N., Arashiro, T., Ainai, A., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106694 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goel, R. R., Painter, M. M., Lundgreen, K. A., Apostolidis, S. A., Baxter, A. E., Giles, J. R., Mathew, D., Pattekar, A., Reynaldi, A., Khoury, D. S., Gouma, S., Hicks, P., Dysinger, S., Hicks, A., Sharma, H., Herring, S., Korte, S., KC, W., Oldridge, D. A., Erickson, R. I., Weirick, M. E., McAllister, C. M., Awofolaju, M., Tanenbaum, N., Dougherty, J., Long, S., D’Andrea, K., Hamilton, J. T., McLaughlin, M., Williams, J. C., Adamski, S., Kuthuru, O., Drapeau, E. M., Davenport, M. P., Hensley, S. E., Bates, P., Greenplate, A. R., & Wherry, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wherry, E. John
- ORCID
- Goel, Rishi R.
- Painter, Mark M.
- Lundgreen, Kendall A.
- Apostolidis, Sokratis A.
- Baxter, Amy E.
- Giles, Josephine R.
- Mathew, Divij
- Pattekar, Ajinkya
- Reynaldi, Arnold
- Khoury, David S.
- Gouma, Sigrid
- Hicks, Philip
- Dysinger, Sarah
- Sharma, Harsh
- Herring, Sarah
- Korte, Scott
- KC, Wumesh
- Oldridge, Derek A.
- Erickson, Rachel I.
- Weirick, Madison E.
- McAllister, Christopher M.
- Awofolaju, Moses
- Tanenbaum, Nicole
- Dougherty, Jeanette
- Long, Sherea
- Hamilton, Jacob T.
- Williams, Justine C.
- Adamski, Sharon
- Kuthuru, Oliva
- Drapeau, Elizabeth M.
- Davenport, Miles P.
- Hensley, Scott E.
- Bates, Paul
- Greenplate, Allison R.
- Wherry, E. John
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1875-1887.e8
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8989683
- OpenAlex
- W4225964771
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 58
- FWCI
- 23.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 390 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (T32 AI055400, T32 CA009140, T32 AR076951-01, AI155577, AI108545, P30CA016520, AI142638, U19AI082630, AI152236, AI149680, 75N93021C00015, HL143613)
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans
- Australian Research Council
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
- NHMRC (GNT1149990)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, Omicron variant, memory B cells, antibody waning, neutralizing antibodies, spike protein, receptor binding domain, antibody quality, vaccine-induced immunity, antibody boosting, long-term antibody persistence
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