First Impressions in Human--Agent Virtual Encounters
Open accessAbstract
In greeting encounters, first impressions of personality and attitude are quickly formed and might determine important relational decisions, such as the likelihood and frequency of subsequent encounters. An anthropomorphic user interface is not immune to these judgments, specifically when exhibiting social interaction skills in public spaces. A favorable impression may help engaging users in interaction and attaining acceptance for long-term interactions. We present three studies implementing a model of first impressions for initiating user interactions with an anthropomorphic museum guide agent with socio-relational skills. We focus on nonverbal behavior exhibiting personality and interpersonal attitude. In two laboratory studies, we demonstrate that impressions of an agent's personality are quickly formed based on proximity, whereas interpersonal attitude is conveyed through smile and gaze. We also found that interpersonal attitude has greater impact than personality on the user's decision to spend time with the agent. These findings are then applied to a museum guide agent exhibited at the Boston Museum of Science. In this field study, we show that employing our model increases the number of visitors engaging in interaction.
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It is possible to convey personality in embodied, robot-based, and voice-based chatbots using body language and nonverbal cues such as voice pitch and speed, gaze, proximity, and gestures.
“There is a growing body of literature suggesting that it is possible to convey personality in embodied, robot-based, and voice-based chatbots using body language and nonverbal cues, such as voice pitch and speed [23,58], gaze [22], proximity [24], and gestures [20,59].”
From Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
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Pre-touch reaction is preferred over post-touch reaction in interaction with displayed agent
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Biancardi, B., Barange, M., Vigilant, M., Lefour, P.-L., & Chaby, L. (2025) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw66409.2025.00344 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words—Exploring Bias in Inclusive Chatbots
Schlimbach, R., Stoppel, A., Lampka, L., & Robra-Bissantz, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80119-8_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vallée, R., Aubergé, V., Chevalier, E., Prégaldiny, L., Dacunha, S., & Janssoone, T. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Computing and Machine Intelligence (ICMI) · doi:10.1109/icmi65310.2025.11141254 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Publisher's note to “Anthropomorphizing Technology: An Assessing Review and Research Agenda”
Bhatti, S. C., Leidner, D. E., Robert, L., & Benbya, H. (2026) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2026.101968 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reprint of: Anthropomorphizing Technology: An Assessing Review and Research Agenda
Bhatti, S. C., Leidner, D. E., Robert, L., & Benbya, H. (2026) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2026.101979 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, G., & Seaborn, K. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650918 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Body Language Between Humans and Machines
Wang, I., Ruiz, J. R., & Kappas, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70064-4_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Talker Quality in Interactive Scenarios
Weiß, B. (2019) · T-labs series in telecommunication services · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22769-2_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cafaro, A., Vilhjálmsson, H. H., & Bickmore, T.
- Affiliations
- Reykjavík University (IS)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Venue
- ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
- Published
- 2016-08-13
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1-40
- ISSN
- 1073-0516 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7325
- OpenAlex
- W837827503
- Semantic Scholar
- ff0ab400f02aedd541df430ea79a4417bcf7f8d2
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 14.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Opin vísindi (Opin vísindi) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Skemman (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- School of Computer Science at Reykjavik University
- U.S. National Science Foundation (1012086)
- Icelandic Research Fund (130705051)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- first impressions, anthropomorphic agents, virtual agents, nonverbal behavior, interpersonal attitudes, personality perception, gaze, smiling, proximity, user engagement, user-agent interaction, fieldwork
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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