Internet and mobile phone text-messaging dependency: factor structure and correlation with dysphoric mood among Japanese adults
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Depression appears to be more consubstantial with Internet use, while anxiety seems to be more consubstantial with problematic cell-phone use, specifically via text messaging.
“Depression appears to be more consubstantial with Internet use, while anxiety seems to be more consubstantial with problematic cell-phone use, specifically via text messaging (79).”
From Cell-phone addiction: a review (2016) · cites this paper as [79]
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Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
“Depression Ten studies assessed symptoms of depression (Augner and Hacker, 2012; Demirci et al., 2015; Guzeller and Cosguner, 2012; Ha et al., 2008; Harwood et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2015a; Lu et al., 2011; Smetaniuk, 2014; Thomée et al., 2011; Yen et al., 2009).”
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Cell-phone addiction: a review
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“Specifically, the most frequent use of their time is spent on text messaging (22, 58, 79), with other forms of contact increasing over time (122).”
BackgroundSocial networking on smartphones: When mobile phones become addictive
Salehan, M., & Negahban, A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.003 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
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“And social anxiety is associated with PSU (Lu et al., 2011; Hong et al., 2012; Harwood et al., 2014), and social media use (Hargittai, 2007).”
BackgroundRosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
“…Lu, Zhou, & Zhao, 2011; Farb, Anderson, Block, & Segal, 2011; Huang, 2010; Kalpidou, Costin, & Morris, 2011; Katsumata, Matsumoto, Kitani, & Takeshima, 2008; Lu et al., 2011; Morrison & Gore, 2010; Primack, Swanier, Georgiopoulos, Land, & Fine, 2009; Primack et al., 2011; Van der Aa et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPrevalence of problematic mobile phone use in British adolescents.
Lopez-Fernandez, O., Honrubia-Serrano, L., Freixa-Blanxart, M., & Gibson, W. (2014) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0260 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
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Thomée, S. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122692 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
“Furthermore, associations were seen with anxiety [7,39,42,50,62,67,68,74–76,80,89, 100,108,115,135,157,180,184,189,198,214,245,267] (but, a negative association between text message dependency and anxiety in Reference [185]), sleep problems or insomnia [7,32,115,269], reduced sleep quality [38,39,62,80,110,195,240], s…”
BackgroundLaconi, S., Rodgers, R. F., & Chabrol, H. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.026 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“A 2- factor solution composed of ‘‘Maladjustment’’ and ‘‘Uncontrollability’’ has also been retrieved (Lu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta‐analytic review
Vahedi, Z., & Saiphoo, A. (2018) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2805 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Hussain, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Sheffield, D. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.052 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“” Marteau and Bekker (1992) reported acceptable reliability and validity for the STAI Short-Form.”
BackgroundDepression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week
Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Levine, J. C., Picard, K. J., & Hall, B. J. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction: The role of depression, anxiety and stress
Gao, T., Li, J., Zhang, H., Gao, J., Kong, Y., Hu, Y., & Mei, S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.020 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
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“Further complicating the issue, Lu et al. (2011) found text messaging dependence and Internet dependence to be uncorrelated with anxiety.”
BackgroundConstantly connected–The effects of smart-devices on mental health
Harwood, J., Dooley, J. J., Scott, A. J., & Joiner, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.006 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., Romo, L., Morvan, Y., Kern, L., Graziani, P., Rousseau, A., Rumpf, H.-J., Bischof, A., Gässler, A.-K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.020 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“First, the participants were grouped into four subsamples in accordance with geographical regions delineated by the United Nations Statistics Division (United Nations, 2014): Northern Europe (NE; i.e., 12.8% of the total participants: Finland and UK), Southern Europe (SE; i.e., 14.6%: Spain and Italy), Eastern Europe…”
BackgroundInfluentialDigital Media, Anxiety, and Depression in Children
Hoge, E., Bickham, D., & Cantor, J. (2017) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758g · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Depression and social anxiety in relation to problematic smartphone use
Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., & Weeks, J. W. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-01-2017-0019 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“Because problematic smartphone use and frequency are related to younger age (Lu et al. , 2011; van Deursen et al. , 2015) and female gender (Jeong et al. , 2016; Wang et al. , 2015), we statistically adjusted for age and gender.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBargeron, A. H., & Hormes, J. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.029 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“…et al., 2014), and various activities related to the internet, including use of e-mail or text messaging, sexual preoccupations, and online social networking (Block, 2008; Chou, Condron, & Belland, 2005; Griffiths, 2001; Hormes, Kearns, & Timko, 2014; Lu et al., 2011; Young, 1999, 1998, 2004).”
BackgroundElhai, J. D., Vasquez, J. K., Lustgarten, S. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439317741087 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“We did not find age related to PSU, despite research demonstrating higher levels of PSU by younger people (Lu et al., 2011; van Deursen et al., 2015).”
ResultMobile Phone Addiction, Phubbing, and Depression Among Men and Women: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Ivanova, A., Gorbaniuk, O., Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Mraka, N., Polishchuk, V., & Gorbaniuk, J. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09723-8 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“Other studies, which revealed no differences between women and men, focused on selected aspects of mobile phone addiction: social networking on smartphones [57] or textmessaging dependency [44].”
BackgroundWolniewicz, C. A., Rozgonjuk, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2019) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.159 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., O’Brien, K. D., & Armour, C. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.026 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Lian, L., You, X., Huang, J., & Yang, R. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.027 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“The mediated effect of virtues was consistent with previously reported findings (Lu et al., 2011) and confirmed our hypothesis.”
ResultElhai, J. D., & Contractor, A. A. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.010 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Younger people engage inmore smartphone use compared to older people (Lu et al., 2011; van Deursen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAdicción o abuso del teléfono móvil: revisión de la literatura
Pedrero Pérez, E. J., Rodríguez Monje, M. T., & Ruiz Sánchez De León, J. M. (2012) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.107 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Are we addicted to our cell phones?
Sapacz, M., Rockman, G., & Clark, J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Hsiao, K., Shu, Y., & Huang, T. (2016) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.11.001 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Rozgonjuk, D., Yildirim, C., AlGhraibeh, A. M. A., & Alafnan, A. A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.047 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The five-factor model of personality and employees’ excessive use of technology
Buckner, J. E., Castille, C. M., & Sheets, T. L. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.014 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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“Depression (Billieux et al., 2008; Lu et al. 2011), stress, and sleep disturbances were positively related to the excessive use of the mobile phone (Thomee, Harenstam, & Hagberg, 2011).”
Hong, W., Liu, R.-D., Oei, T.-P., Zhen, R., Jiang, S., & Sheng, X. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.020 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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“Previous research infers that concerns about relationship maintenance is related to excessive and uncontrolled SMS use [33,36], exemplifying how communication using mobile phones can act as a medium for reassurance.”
BackgroundPhantom vibrations among undergraduates: Prevalence and associated psychological characteristics
Drouin, M., Kaiser, D. H., & Miller, D. A. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.013 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Adaptación española del “Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale” para población adolescente
López-Fernández, O., Honrubia-Serrano, M. L., & Freixa-Blanxart, M. (2012) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.104 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-concept clarity, social support, and compulsive Internet use: A study of the US and the UAE
Quiñones, C., & KAKABADSE, N. K. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.019 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Addiction to mobile text messaging applications is nothing to “lol” about
Sultan, A. J. (2013) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2013.09.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“For some individuals, text messaging is the most popular means of communicating with people in their social networks, with its use exceeding the use of faceto-face communications, emails, and voice calls (Lu et al., 2011; Skierkowski & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundWang, X., Qiao, Y., & Wang, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.163 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Socially Connected but Still Isolated: Smartphone Addiction Decreases Social Support Over Time
Herrero, J., Urueña, A., Torres, A., & Nuchera, A. H. (2017) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439317742611 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ballarotto, G., Volpi, B., Marzilli, E., & Tambelli, R. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/5769250 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Hall, B. J., Levine, J. C., & Dvorak, R. D. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2017-2-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Past research has found that problem smartphone use in general is predicted by younger age (Lu et al., 2011; van Deursen et al., 2015) and female gender (Jeong, Kim, Yum, & Hwang, 2016; Wang et al.”
BackgroundInternet addiction and child physical and mental health: Evidence from panel dataset in China
Zhou, M., Zhu, W., Sun, X., & Huang, L. S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.115 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Fırat, S., Gül, H., Sertçelik, M., Gül, A., Gürel, Y., & Kılıç, B. G. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.015 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Excessive use of WeChat, social interaction and locus of control among college students in China
Hou, J., Ndasauka, Y., Jiang, Y., Ye, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Pang, L., Kong, Y., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183633 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Hall, B. J., & Erwin, M. C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.045 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
PTSD's relation with problematic smartphone use: Mediating role of impulsivity
Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., & Elhai, J. D. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Age and gender were entered as covariates of problematic smartphone use in all mediation analyses based on research indicating that problematic smartphone use relates to being younger (Lu et al., 2011) and being female (Jeong, Kim, Yum, & Hwang, 2016).”
MethodLu, X., Katoh, T., Chen, Z., Nagata, T., & Kitamura, T. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.024 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In Japan, the increased use of text messaging has been reported to be negatively related to individuals' psychological well-being, as measured by levels of depression and anxiety (Lu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDe-Sola, J., Flores, H. T., Rubio, G., & de Fonseca, F. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00090 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Furthermore, anxiety also coexists with general addictions and with cell phone addiction in particular, an aspect that is widely recognized in various studies (32, 44, 76, 77).”
BackgroundUNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF MOTIVES IN SMARTPHONE ADDICTION
Zhang, K. Z. K., Chen, C., & Lee, M. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Rozgonjuk, D., Alghraibeh, A. M., & Yang, H. (2021) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439319858008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“We included sex and age as covariates of disruption frequency because younger people (Lu et al., 2011; van Deursen et al., 2015) and women (Jeong, Kim, Yum, & Hwang, 2016; Wang, Wang, Gaskin, & Wang, 2015) engage in higher PSU severity.”
MethodSmartphone Addiction and Social Support: A Three-year Longitudinal Study
Herrero, J., Torres, A., Vivas, P., & Urueña, A. (2019) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2019a6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…and smartphone addiction has been empirically tested in several studies (Aker et al., 2017; Billieux, Maurage et al., 2015; Billieux, Philippot et al., 2015; Ihm, 2018; Kim, 2017, 2018; Kwon et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2011), the analysis of the evolution in time had remained largely neglected.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA latent profile analysis of the interplay between PC and smartphone in problematic internet use
Kim, D., Nam, J. K., Oh, J., & Kang, M. C. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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“8% of women in the studied population were pathological Internet users [28].”
BackgroundLiu, R., Hong, W., Ding, Y., Oei, T. P. S., Zhen, R., Jiang, S., & Liu, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01589 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Acceptance of visual and audio interventions for distracted pedestrians
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“In the last decade, there has been a huge expansion of new kinds of information and communication technology, as social media, smartphones, personal computers, and other devices [3].”
BackgroundSmartphone addiction: psychosocial correlates, risky attitudes, and smartphone harm
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“Smartphone extensive use and addiction not only have implications for users’ psychosocial adjustment (Billieux et al. 2015; Lu et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2015) but it also affects the type of smartphone use.”
BackgroundUnderstanding, Discovering, and Mitigating Habitual Smartphone Use in Young Adults
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“A particular type of intrapersonal reward is related to the social dimension [48, 79], since users may experience a feeling of social success when communicating via their smart devices.”
BackgroundProblematic Pornography Use in Japan: A Preliminary Study Among University Students
Okabe, Y., Takahashi, F., & Ito, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638354 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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“Negative psychological effects, including depression and addictive qualities, have been seen in those who play long hours of video games or as time on the Internet or mobile phones increases excessively (Angster et al. 2010; Longman et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2011; Walsh et al. 2010).”
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“Individuals with major depressive disorder are found to have poorer coping strategies, elevated levels of neuroticism (Xia et al. 2011), and text message dependency (Lu et al. 2011) which are all factors associated with smartphone addiction.”
BackgroundQuiñones, C., & KAKABADSE, N. K. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.08.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“More recently, Lu et al. (2011) reported prevalence around 30% in Japanese employees.”
BackgroundCell Phone Use Habits Among the Spanish Population: Contribution of Applications to Problematic Use
De-Sola, J., Rubio, G., Flores, H. T., Pistoni, L., Riesen, H. V., & de Fonseca, F. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00883 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Specifically, the cell phone involves a problem related to anxiety around interactions that focus on instant messaging (23) and that translates into patterns of impulsive lack of control (24) with high levels of social anxiety, in which social contact without risks is sought out (25, 26).”
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An Analysis of the Impact of Cell Phone Use on Depressive Symptoms among Japanese Elders
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Smartphone Addiction and Anxiety in Adolescents – A Cross-sectional Study
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A Research on Addictive Use of Smartphone by University Students
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“외국 연구들로는 스마트폰과 유사한 휴대전 화 중독에 관한 연구를 찾아 볼 수 있는데, 휴대 전화의 문제적 사용과 심리적 특성(낮은 자존감, 사회적 외향성, 불안 등)과의 상관관계를 살펴본 연구[12-13], 휴대전화 중독 관련 병리적 심리증 상에 관한 연구[14-15], 성격특성과 휴대전화의 문제적 사용과의 상관관계를 살펴본 연구[16]들 이 있다.”
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“These findings are consistent with the results of previous studies [9, 16].”
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“PSPU is associated with a variety of psychological constructs, such as anxiety, neuroticism, extroversion, and stress reactivity (Augner & Hacker, 2012; Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; Igarashi, Motoyoshi, Takai, & Yoshida, 2008; Lu et al., 2011; Phillips, Butt, & Blaszczynski, 2006).”
BackgroundThe relations between smartphone use, mood, and flow experience
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The psychometric properties of cellular phone dependency questionnaire in students of Isfahan
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“In some Asian countries,[21] and especially in Iran, overusing the cell phone could be due to virtual spaces.”
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“로 휴대전화를 지나치게 사용하고 휴대전화의 역할에 의지하는 것 을 말한다[23].”
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Psychological factors and alcohol use in problematic mobile phone use in the Spanish population
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“Similarly, there is a clear relationship between problematic mobile phone use and anxiety (17, 45, 47), in addition to their coexistence with insomnia and depression, as noted above (7, 9).”
BackgroundThe Prevalence and Psychological Symptoms of Nomophobia among University Students
Kateb, S. (2017) · Journal of Research in Curriculum Instruction and Educational Technology · doi:10.21608/jrciet.2017.24454 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The dependency on virtual environments to communicate with others via the increased use of Smartphones may disable the direct social interactions among university students and other people and consequently result in static dependent behaviours or may become a mask for other problematic behaviours, sleep disturbance, p…”
BackgroundIn WAZE we trust? GPS-based navigation application users’ behavior and patterns of dependency
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“Statistics point to rapid growth in the number of mobile devices in individual hands and accelerated growth in the use of text messages that obviate the need for voice calls and reduce costs of communication [10].”
BackgroundDoes Mobile Phone Penetration Affect Divorce Rate? Evidence from China
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“Text messaging dependency among these age groups, especially at night may result in inadequate and irregular sleep, which consequently may increase the risk of poor mental health among the students (Lu et al., 2011).”
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“munications cannot meet the contemporary framework for addiction, which emphasizes substantial impairment and physiological reactivity (19,20).”
BackgroundRisky cyber behaviors in adolescents with depression: A case control study
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Unplugging Youth: Mobile Phone Addiction, Social Impact, and the Call for Digital Detox
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“14, 27,28 Moreover, studies have reported that PIU is prevalent among employed adults, 29,30 although at a lower rate than that among unemployed adults.”
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“[15] suggest that the psychological dependence and abuse created with some of its functionalities are not something exclusive to adolescents.”
Emptiness Mediates the Association Between Pathological Narcissism and Problematic Smartphone Use
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“Yet another study has explored internet addiction and text messaging addiction among adults and have found that both these conditions are strongly associated with depression [15].”
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- Authors
- Lu, X., Watanabe, J., Liu, Q., Uji, M., Shono, M., & Kitamura, T.
- Affiliations
- Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo (Japan) (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Xi
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1702-1709
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2138687070
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 38.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
- Keywords
- internet addiction, factor structure, dysphoric mood, depression, anxiety, relationship maintenance, prevalence, Japanese adults
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