The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The impact of daily stress on adolescents’ depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“A study that differentiated active and passive use of social media found that active use was positively associated with mental health while passive use was not [39], while another study did not find this difference [43].”
From Social Media and Mental Health Among Early Adolescents in Sweden: A Longitudinal Study With 2-Year Follow-Up (KUPOL Study). (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Screen use can inhibit sleep, which may decrease well-being, or can be turned to elevate feelings of loneliness [39].”
From Social Media and Mental Health Among Early Adolescents in Sweden: A Longitudinal Study With 2-Year Follow-Up (KUPOL Study). (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, younger generations, particularly those aged between 15 and 20 years, are more likely to engage heavily with social media and digital platforms, making them particularly vulnerable to the effects of doomscrolling and compulsive media consumption [192,193].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [192]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Women are more likely to engage with emotional and social media content, which often leads to heightened emotional distress in response to negative news [192].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [192]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Similarly, whilst depressed individuals tend to interpret their social media interactions more negatively, certain online experiences (negative social comparison, seeking but not receiving support) can further negatively impact on mood, exacerbating symptoms for those with existing mental health problems [35,36,39,62].”
From Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151312 · Cited by 109,314
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190
Granovetter, M. S. (1973) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/225469 · Cited by 40,491
Herne, H., Cooley, W. W., & Lohnes, P. R. (1973) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344428 · Cited by 35,801
Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310 · Cited by 18,093
Qu, X. (2007) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2007.s455 · Cited by 14,759
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 · Cited by 13,339
Social support as a moderator of life stress
Cobb, S. (1976) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003 · Cited by 6,936
Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction
WALTHER, J. B. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 · Cited by 4,798
Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Third Edition
Byrne, B. M. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315757421 · Cited by 4,653
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Thoits, P. A. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626957 · Cited by 3,496 · cited 2×
“While social support seeking refers to a coping strategy, perceived social support can be considered as a coping resource or ‘‘a social fund from which people may draw when handling stressors’’ (Thoits, 1995, p. 64).”
BackgroundCompas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87 · Cited by 3,277
Social support: An interactional view.
Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., & Pierce, G. R. (1990) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 2,657
College students' social networking experiences on Facebook
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010 · Cited by 2,081
The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults
Radloff, L. S. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537606 · Cited by 1,997
Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428107300343 · Cited by 1,965
Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress.
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.41.7.813 · Cited by 1,882
Park, N., Kee, K. F., & Valenzuela, S. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0003 · Cited by 1,737
Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered
Arnett, J. J. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.5.317 · Cited by 1,708
Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.584 · Cited by 1,531
Gerber, I., Coelho, G. V., Hamburg, D. A., & Adams, J. E. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2062658 · Cited by 1,126
Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching.
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990) · Cited by 1,124
What to do about missing values in time series cross- section data
Honaker, J., & King, G. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00447.x · Cited by 966
Meta-Analysis of the Relationships Between Social Support and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents
Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624 · Cited by 962
Kim, J., & Lee, J.-E. R. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0374 · Cited by 930
Kim, Y., Sohn, D., & Choi, S. M. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.015 · Cited by 856
Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders as Predictors of Young Adult Disorders
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85 · Cited by 844
Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression: Stress Exposure and Reactivity Models
Hankin, B. L., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x · Cited by 810
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.3.404 · Cited by 788
Petersen, A. C., Compas, B. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.2.155 · Cited by 788
Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.053 · Cited by 778
Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2001) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.10004 · Cited by 734
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025410384923 · Cited by 725
Social Support from Parents and Friends and Emotional Problems in Adolescence
Helsen, M., Vollebergh, W., & Meeus, W. (2000) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1005147708827 · Cited by 723
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adolescents
Saluja, G., Iachan, R., Scheidt, P. C., Overpeck, M. D., Sun, W., & Giedd, J. N. (2004) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.8.760 · Cited by 701
Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026338 · Cited by 657 · cited 1×
“Third, research has shown that adolescent Facebook users have an average of 400 Facebook friends (e.g., Kim & Lee, 2011; Kim, Sohn, & Choi, 2011; Manago et al., 2012).”
BackgroundProfiles of adolescent stress: The development of the adolescent stress questionnaire (ASQ)
Byrne, D. G., Davenport, S. C., & Mazanov, J. (2006) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.004 · Cited by 654
Handbook of Behavioral Medicine
Malec, J. F. (1985) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(85)72818-6 · Cited by 654
Feeling bad on Facebook: depression disclosures by college students on a social networking site
Moreno, M. A., Jelenchick, L. A., Egan, K. G., COX, E. D., Young, H. N., Gannon, K., & Becker, T. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20805 · Cited by 654
Stressors and Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Measurement Issues and Prospective Effects
Grant, K., Compas, B., Thurm, A., McMahon, S., & Gipson, P. Y. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_23 · Cited by 618
Handbook of Depression in Children and Adolescents
Fergusson, E. C. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00516_8.x · Cited by 607
Epidemiology of Depressive Symptoms in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Rushton, J. L., Forcier, M. M., & Schectman, R. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200202000-00014 · Cited by 552
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.250 · Cited by 544
Nabi, R. L., Prestin, A., & So, J. (2013) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0521 · Cited by 510
Stress, Coping, and Relationships in Adolescence
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1995) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203773123 · Cited by 485
Wright, K. B., & Bell, S. B. (2003) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105303008001429 · Cited by 471
Depression and school performance in middle adolescent boys and girls
Fröjd, S. A., Nissinen, E. S., Pelkonen, M. U. I., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Koivisto, A., & Kaltiala‐Heino, R. (2007) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.006 · Cited by 460
Growing Up Wired: Social Networking Sites and Adolescent Psychosocial Development
Spies Shapiro, L. A., & Margolin, G. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0135-1 · Cited by 422
Differential effects of support providers on adolescents' mental health
Colarossi, L. G., & Eccles, J. S. (2003) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/27.1.19 · Cited by 413
Reich, S. M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Espinoza, G. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026980 · Cited by 411
Underwood, L. G. (2004) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · doi:10.4135/9781412958479 · Cited by 410
Computer-Mediated Communication in Personal Relationships
Wright, K. B., & Webb, L. M. (2011) · doi:10.3726/b12772 · Cited by 405
Chaiton, M. O., Cohen, J. E., O'Loughlin, J., & Rehm, J. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-356 · Cited by 391
Group and Interpersonal Effects in International Computer-Mediated Collaboration
Walther, J. B. (1997) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00400.x · Cited by 381
Clarke, A. T. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9001-x · Cited by 368
Handbook of Adolescent Development
Jackson, S., & Goossens, L. (2020) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203969861 · Cited by 367
Adolescent help-seeking: what do they get help for and from whom?
Boldero, J., & Fallon, B. J. (1995) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1995.1013 · Cited by 365
Depressive Symptoms, Stress, and Support: Gendered Trajectories From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Meadows, S. O., Brown, J., & Elder, G. H. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9021-6 · Cited by 352
Toward a new(er) sociability: uses, gratifications, and social capital on Facebook
(2011) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203834077-21 · Cited by 326
Facebook bullying: an extension of battles in school
Kwan, G. C. E., & Skoric, M. M. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.014 · Cited by 322
Development of gender differences in depression: description and possible explanations
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (1999) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899908998794 · Cited by 290
Specific Coping Behaviors in Relation to Adolescent Depression and Suicidal Ideation
Horwitz, A. G., Hill, R. M., & King, C. (2010) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.10.004 · Cited by 281
Coping and adjustment during childhood and adolescence
Fields, L., & Prinz, R. J. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00033-0 · Cited by 280
Rains, S. A., & Young, V. (2009) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01353.x · Cited by 265
Oh, H. J., Lauckner, C., Boehmer, J., Fewins-Bliss, R., & Li, K. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.017 · Cited by 256
Socioeconomic Context, Social Support, and Adolescent Mental Health: A Multilevel Investigation
Wight, R. G., Botticello, A., & Aneshensel, C. S. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9009-2 · Cited by 237
Patterns of children's coping with life stress: Implications for clinicians.
Donaldson, D. L., Prinstein, M. J., Danovsky, M. B., & Spirito, A. (2000) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0087689 · Cited by 214
Wright, K. B. (2000) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370009385579 · Cited by 203
Cicognani, E. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00726.x · Cited by 197
Handbook of depression in children and adolescents
Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2008) · Cited by 187
Co-rumination predicts the onset of depressive disorders during adolescence.
Stone, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Gibb, B. E., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023384 · Cited by 186
Cole, D. A., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., & Paul, G. G. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.40 · Cited by 171
Benefiting from Social Capital in Online Support Groups: An Empirical Study of Cancer Patients
Beaudoin, C. E., & Tao, C.-C. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9986 · Cited by 165
Coping scale for children and youth: Scale development and validation
Brodzinsky, D. M., Elias, M. J., Steiger, C., Simon, J., Gill, M., & Hitt, J. C. (1992) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(92)90029-h · Cited by 162
Alt.support: modeling social support online
Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2004) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.02.024 · Cited by 158
The Stressful Life Events Schedule for children and adolescents: development and validation
Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B. B., Ryan, N. D., Shiffrin, T. P., Lusky, J. A., Protopapa, J., Dahl, R. E., & Brent, D. A. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00134-3 · Cited by 154
Olsson, G., & von Knotting, A. L. (1997) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00566670 · Cited by 152
How do people use Facebook features to manage social capital?
Lee, E.-S., Kim, Y. J., & Ahn, J. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.007 · Cited by 152
The Process of Sharing Social Support in Cyberspace
Tichon, J., & Shapiro, M. (2003) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493103321640356 · Cited by 150
Longitudinal Relations among Depression, Stress, and Coping in High Risk Youth
Galaif, E. R., Sussman, S., Chou, C.-P., & Wills, T. A. (2003) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1023028809718 · Cited by 144
Nilsen, W., Karevold, E., Røysamb, E., Gustavson, K., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.08.005 · Cited by 140
Media perspectives for the 21st century
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-0682 · Cited by 139
Hankin, B. L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802359627 · Cited by 135
Scholte, R. H. J., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2020) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203969861-10 · Cited by 96
Exploring the relationship between perceptions of social capital and enacted support online
Stefanone, M., Kwon, K., & Lackaff, D. (2012) · J. Comput. Mediat. Commun. · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01585.x · Cited by 91
Coping with School-Related Stress and Family Stress in Healthy and Clinically Referred Adolescents
Seiffge‐Krenke, I., Weidemann, S., Fentner, S., Aegenheister, N., & Poeblau, M. (2001) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027//1016-9040.6.2.123 · Cited by 87
Prevalence of Stress References on College Freshmen Facebook Profiles
Egan, K. G., & Moreno, M. A. (2011) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncn.0b013e3182160663 · Cited by 87
Vander Stoep, A., Adrian, M., Mc Cauley, E., Crowell, S. E., Stone, A., & Flynn, C. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00031.x · Cited by 86
Wright, K. B. (2012) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2012.695957 · Cited by 77
Murberg, T. A., & Bru, E. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00469.x · Cited by 70
Social Coping and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents
Saha, R., Huebner, E. S., Hills, K. J., Malone, P. S., & Valois, R. F. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0217-3 · Cited by 61
Olsson, G. I., & von Knorring, A. ‐. (1997) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870050012 · Cited by 48
Locating Computer-mediated Social Support within Online Communication Environments
High, A. C., & Solomon, D. H. (2008) · Cited by 28
Early Adolescent Depressive Mood: Direct and Indirect Effects of Attributional Styles and Coping
Chan, S. M. (2011) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0275-9 · Cited by 20
A Functional Approach to Social Networking Sites
Bryant, E. M., Marmo, J., & Ramirez, A. (2011) · Digital Commons - Trinity University (Trinity University) · Cited by 12
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 97 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5842 · Cited by 763
Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0261-x · Cited by 712
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439314567449 · Cited by 519
Self-citationSocial Media and Depressive Symptoms in Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review
McCrae, N., Gettings, S., & Purssell, E. (2017) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0053-4 · Cited by 304
A systematic review of the mental health outcomes associated with Facebook use
Frost, R., & Rickwood, D. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.001 · Cited by 324
Metadata
- Authors
- Frison, E., & Eggermont, S.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Eggermont, Steven
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 44
- Pages
- 315-325
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093087699
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 31.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- daily stress, adolescents, depressive mood, social support seeking, Facebook, perceived social support, social networking sites, academic stress, family stress, online social support
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
