A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents
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BACKGROUND: It is well-established that smoking and depression are associated in adolescents, but the temporal ordering of the association is subject to debate. METHODS: Longitudinal studies in English language which reported the onset of smoking on depression in non clinical populations (age 13-19) published between January 1990 and July 2008 were selected from PubMed, OVID, and PsychInfo databases. Study characteristics were extracted. Meta-analytic pooling procedures with random effects were used. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were retained for analysis. The pooled estimate for smoking predicting depression in 6 studies was 1.73 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.40; p < 0.001). The pooled estimate for depression predicting smoking in 12 studies was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.63; p < 0.001). Studies that used clinical measures of depression were more likely to report a bidirectional effect, with a stronger effect of depression predicting smoking. CONCLUSION: Evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that the association between smoking and depression is bidirectional. To better estimate these effects, future research should consider the potential utility of: (a) shorter intervals between surveys with longer follow-up time, (b) more accurate measurement of depression, and (c) adequate control of confounding.
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In adolescents aged 13-19, smokers are significantly more likely to develop depression than non-smokers over 1-6 year follow-up (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.32-2.4).
“A meta-analysis of six studies including 15,333 adolescents aged 13-19 showed that smokers were significantly more likely to develop depression than non-smokers over 1-6 year follow-up (OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.32-2.4) 43 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Chaiton, M. O., Cohen, J. E., O'Loughlin, J., & Rehm, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Chaiton, Michael O
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2009-09-22
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 356-356
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2758872
- OpenAlex
- W1964002523
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, adolescent smoking, bidirectional relationship, temporal order, depression onset, smoking onset, non-clinical adolescents, longitudinal study, confounding
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Smoking, Comorbidity, Disease Progression, Young Adult
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