Gender differences in the relationship between internet addiction and depression: a cross-lagged study in Chinese adolescents

Liang, Lichan; Zhou, Dan; Yuan, Chunyong; Shao, Aihui; Bian, Yufang

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.043

Cited by 256Impact of Technology on AdolescentsSexuality, Behavior, and TechnologyGender and Technology in Education

Gender differences in the relationship between internet addiction and depression: a cross-lagged study in Chinese adolescents

Liang, Lichan, Zhou, Dan, Yuan, Chunyong, Shao, Aihui, Bian, Yufang·2016·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.043

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Flow experience is related to media addiction (e.g., online addiction, Internet addiction, video addiction).
“Several studies have implied that flow experience is related to media addiction (e.g., online addiction, Internet addiction, video addiction) (17, 18).”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [18]

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Method
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“The results of this study showed that short video flow has a positive effect on short video addiction which is consistent with previous study findings that individuals’ flow experience is related to media addiction (17, 18).”
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“Undoubtedly, another way to account for the high correlation between the two variables is to say that depressed adolescents may be more likely to indulge in social media to kill time [26] because depressed individuals have a negative cognitive bias, which may impair adolescents’ self-regulation and result in excessive…”
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The Comorbidity Between Internet Gaming Disorder and Depression: Interrelationship and Neural Mechanisms
Liu, L., Yao, Y., Li, C.-S. R., Zhang, J., Xia, C., Lan, J., Ma, S., Zhou, N., & Fang, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00154 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Based on previous behavioral evidence [11, 12, 37], we hypothesized a bidirectional relationship between past and future severity of Internet addiction/depression symptoms.”
BackgroundMethod
Cross-cultural study of Problematic Internet Use in nine European countries
Laconi, S., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., Gnisci, A., Sergi, I., Barke, A., Jeromin, F., Groth, J., Gámez‐Guadix, M., Özcan, N. K., Demetrovics, Z., et al. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.020 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Parenting styles and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: Conscientiousness as a mediator and teacher support as a moderator
Zhang, R., Bai, B., Jiang, S., Yang, S., & Zhou, Q. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.019 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of Three Simplified Chinese Online-Related Addictive Behavior Instruments Among Mainland Chinese Primary School Students
Chen, I., Ahorsu, D. K., Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C., & Chen, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00875 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gender differences in internet addiction: A study on variables related to its possible development
Mari, E., Biondi, S., Varchetta, M., Cricenti, C., Fraschetti, A., Pizzo, A., Barchielli, B., Roma, P., Vilar, M. M., González‐Sala, F., et al. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100247 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The role of depression, personality, and future time perspective in internet addiction in adolescents and emerging adults
Przepiórka, A., Błachnio, A., & Cudo, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.086 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Internet addiction among young adult university students: the complex interplay between family functioning, impulsivity, depression, and anxiety
Marzilli, E., Cerniglia, L., Ballarotto, G., & Cimino, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218231 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“A study by Liang and colleagues [83] has shown that psychopathological symptoms (i.”
Background
Core symptoms and symptom relationships of problematic internet use across early, middle, and late adolescence: A network analysis
Liu, S., Xu, B., Zhang, D., Tian, Y., & Wu, X. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107090 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Longitudinal trajectories, social and individual antecedents, and outcomes of problematic internet use among late adolescents
Tóth-Király, I., Morin, A. J. S., Hietajärvi, L., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13525 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Longitudinal associations among smartphone addiction, loneliness, and depressive symptoms in college students: Disentangling between– And within–person associations
Shi, X., Wang, A., & Ya, Z. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107676 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Adolescent Internet Abuse: A Study on the Role of Attachment to Parents and Peers in a Large Community Sample
Ballarotto, G., Volpi, B., Marzilli, E., & Tambelli, R. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/5769250 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Internet Gaming Disorder, Risky Online Behaviour, and Mental Health in Hong Kong Adolescents: The Beneficial Role of Psychological Resilience
Tsui, Y. Y.-Y., & Cheng, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722353 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“women) playing online gaming and watching cyberpornography (56), the magnitude of the association between risky online behaviour and depressive symptoms also tends to vary by sex.”
Background
The relationship between bullying victimization and online game addiction among Chinese early adolescents: The potential role of meaning in life and gender differences
Zhao, H.-Y., Li, X., Zhou, J.-X., Nie, Q., & Zhou, J.-H. (2020) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105261 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Problematic internet use by university students and associated predictive factors: A systematic review
Sánchez-Fernández, M., Mas, M. D. L. M. B., & Mora-Merchán, J. A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107532 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The mediating effect of internet addiction and the moderating effect of physical activity on the relationship between alexithymia and depression
Liu, Y., Duan, L., Shen, Q., Ma, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, L., Wu, Y., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60326-w · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Taking into account the influence of demographic variables on the outcome analysis, such as gender and age 35,63 , we controlled for these variables during the analysis.”
Psychometric Evaluation of the Nine-Item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in Nine European Samples of Internet Users
Laconi, S., Urbán, R., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., Kuss, D. J., Gnisci, A., Sergi, I., Barke, A., Jeromin, F., Groth, J., Gámez‐Guadix, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00136 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Predictors of excessive internet use among adolescents in Spain: The relevance of the relationship between parents and their children
Casaló, L. V., & Escario, J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.042 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Association Between Internet Addiction and Adolescents’ Mental Health: A Meta-Analytic Review
Soriano-Molina, E., Gras, R. M. L., Patró-Hernández, R. M., & Rubio‐Aparicio, M. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020116 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…positive relationship between depression and IA. Previous studies confirm this relationship, indicating that higher levels of internet addiction are related to higher levels of depression (Cai et al., 2023; Colder-Carras et al., 2017; Liang et al., 2016; Akin & Iskender, 2011; Ha et al., 2007).”
Does adolescents’ Internet addiction trigger depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior, or vice versa? The moderating roles of peer relationships and gender
Zhao, Q., Huang, Y., & Li, C. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107143 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Association between online and offline social support and internet addiction in a representative sample of senior high school students in Taiwan: The mediating role of self-esteem
Lin, M., Wu, J. Y., You, J., Chang, K.-M., Hu, W., & Xu, S. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.007 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The association of childhood maltreatment with Internet addiction: the serial mediating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression.
Guo, Y., Gu, J., Gaskin, J., Yin, X.-Q., Zhang, Y., & Wang, J.-L. (2023) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106134 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Anxiety predicts internet addiction, which predicts depression among male college students: A cross-lagged comparison by sex
Xie, X., Cheng, H., & Chen, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1102066 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Internet addiction differs by sex (Liang et al., 2016).”
Background
Individualism and internet addiction: the mediating role of psychological needs
Arpacı, İ., Kesici, Ş., & Балоглу, М. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-11-2016-0353 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A comprehensive review on emerging trends in the dynamic evolution of digital addiction and depression
Karaköse, T., Yıldırım, B., Tülübaş, T., & Kardas, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126815 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“To illustrate these sub-themes in the COVID-19 cluster network, these studies on Self-Isolation (Júnior et al., 2021), Structural-Equation-Model (Elhai et al., 2020), Education (Elhai et al., 2020), Fear (Wolniewicz et al., 2020), Gender-Differences (Hou et al., 2020), Mental-Distress (She et al., 2021), Online-Learni…”
BackgroundInfluential
Young adults' internet addiction: Prediction by the interaction of parental marital conflict and respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Zhang, H., Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Luo, Y., & Wang, Z. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.08.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Internet addiction has been associated with various deleterious outcomes, such as physical, socioemotional, and interpersonal problems (Cao et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2016).”
Background
Smart Phone Use among University Students
Fook, C. Y., Narasuman, S., Aziz, N. B. A., Mustafa, S. M. S., & Han, C. T. (2021) · Asian Journal of University Education · doi:10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12622 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Internet Addiction and Its Associated Factors Among African High School and University Students: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zewde, E. A., Tolossa, T., Tiruneh, S. A., Azanaw, M. M., Yitbarek, G. Y., Admasu, F. T., Ayehu, G. W., Jemere, T., Abebe, E. C., Muche, Z. T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847274 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Different other primary studies have shown higher internet addiction among male adolescents (Ha et al., 2007; Kamal and Mosallem, 2013; Dufour et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2016; Boudabous et al., 2020; Nyaga, 2020).”
Result
Understanding the role of individual differences in mobile SNS addiction
Gong, M., Xu, M., Luqman, A., Yu, L., & Masood, A. (2020) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-05-2019-0367 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Temporal directional relationship between problematic internet use and depressive symptoms among Japanese adolescents: A random intercept, cross-lagged panel model
Kojima, R., Shinohara, R., Akiyama, Y., Yokomichi, H., & Yamagata, Z. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106989 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A study on impact of smartphone addiction on academic performance
Chaudhury, P., & Kumar Tripathy, H. (2018) · International Journal of Engineering & Technology · doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i2.6.10066 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Internet addiction causes depression in several adolescents [4].”
Background
Problematic internet use: A scoping review – longitudinal research on a contemporary social problem, 2006–2017
Dahl, D., & Bergmark, K. H. (2020) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/1455072520941997 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gender differences in user perception of usability and performance of online travel agency websites
Huang, Z. H., & Mou, J. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101671 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Internet Addiction: The Role of Parental Care and Mental Health in Adolescence
Trumello, C., Vismara, L., Sechi, C., Ricciardi, P., Marino, V., & Babore, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412876 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A bidirectional association between smartphone addiction and depression among college students: A cross-lagged panel model
Zhang, K., Guo, H., Wang, T., Zhang, J., Yuan, G., Ren, J., Zhang, X., Yang, H., Lu, X., Zhu, Z., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1083856 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Another reason could be that females are more likely to seek support throughmobile social software, and their dependence on smartphones leads to a great sense of loss when they face real life (69).”
Background
The relationship between physical activity and social network site addiction among adolescents: the chain mediating role of anxiety and ego-depletion
Wang, J., Xiao, T., Liu, Y., Guo, Z., & Yi, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02785-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Theft from the person in urban China: assessing the diurnal effects of opportunity and social ecology
Song, G., Liu, L., Bernasco, W., Zhou, S., Xiao, L., & Long, D. (2018) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.04.010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms among first-year Chinese undergraduates: The roles of socio-demographics, coping style, and social support
Tang, W., & Dai, Q. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.027 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Association of problematic internet use with depression, impulsivity, anger, aggression, and social anxiety: Results of a national study among Lebanese adolescents
Haddad, C., Malaeb, D. N., Sacre, H., Khalil, J. B., Khansa, W., Hajj, R. A., Kheir, N., Saade, S., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2021) · Pediatric Investigation · doi:10.1002/ped4.12299 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Depressed and swiping my problems for later: the moderation effect between procrastination and depressive symptomatology on internet addiction
Hernández, C., Rivera Ottenberger, D., Moessner, M., Crosby, R. D., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.027 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Longitudinal Relationship between Internet Addiction and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: A Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model
Yi, X., & Li, G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412869 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Some studies believe that there is only a unidirectional prediction relationship between the two variables [16,17], and some that there is a bidirectional prediction relationship [18,19].”
Background
When adolescents face both Internet addiction and mood symptoms: A cross-sectional study of comorbidity and its predictors
Gao, T., Li, M., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Cao, R., Mei, S., & Meng, X. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112795 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The relationship between problematic internet use and anxiety disorder symptoms in youth: Specificity of the type of application and gender
Lavoie, C., Dufour, M., Berbiche, D., Therriault, D., & Lane, J. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107604 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Longitudinal network relations between symptoms of problematic internet game use and internalizing and externalizing problems among Chinese early adolescents
Zhou, J., Zhang, L., & Gong, X. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116162 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The association between the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit gene (CHRNA4) rs1044396 and Internet gaming disorder in Korean male adults
Jeong, J.-E., Rhee, J., Kim, T., Kwak, S. M., Bang, S. H., Cho, H., Cheon, Y.-H., Min, J. A., Yoo, G. S., Kim, K., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188358 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms among clinically stable adolescents with major psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: a network analysis perspective
Cai, H. X., Zhao, Y.-J., He, F., Li, S., Li, Z.-L., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Cheung, T. C. C., Ng, C. H., Sha, S., et al. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02468-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Network comparison tests by gender We conducted a gender comparison analysis between genders since previous studies found gender differences in the relationship between IA and residual depressive symptoms among adolescents [68].”
Method
Positive outcome expectancy mediates the relationship between social influence and Internet addiction among senior high-school students
Lin, M., Wu, J. Y., Chen, C.-J., & You, J. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.56 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Depression Mediates the Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Internet Addiction in Female but Not Male Chinese Adolescents and Young Adults
Dong, X., Zhang, R., Zhornitsky, S., Le, T. M., Wang, W., Li, C.-S. R., & Zhang, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10215015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In a three-year longitudinal study of Chinese adolescents, the severity of internet addiction predicted the occurrence of later depression but depression did not predict internet addiction in females whereas the reverse was true in males [92].”
Background
Participation in After-School Extracurricular Activities and Cognitive Ability Among Early Adolescents in China: Moderating Effects of Gender and Family Economic Status
Pan, Y., Zhou, D., & Shek, D. T. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.839473 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gender differences in symptom structure of adolescent problematic internet use: A network analysis
Liu, S., Zhang, D., Tian, Y., Xu, B., & Wu, X. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00590-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“These gender differences extend the findings of previous studies on gender differences in the patterns and consequences of the PIU [11, 12].”
Result
Using cloud-based virtual learning environments to mitigate increasing disparity in urban-rural academic competence
Safdar, S., Ren, M., Chudhery, M. A. Z., Huo, J., Rehman, H., & Rafique, R. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121468 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Profiles of Impulsivity in Problematic Internet Users and Cigarette Smokers
Liu, S.-J., Lan, Y., Wu, L., & Yan, W.-S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00772 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…on the prevalence of PIU were evident among younger adolescent students, with a higher rate in males (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2013; Liang et al., 2016); however, this tendency appeared to vanish between males and females in adult college students (Ni et al., 2009; Yan et al.,…”
Background
Relationship Between Loneliness and Depression Among Chinese Junior High School Students: The Serial Mediating Roles of Internet Gaming Disorder, Social Network Use, and Generalized Pathological Internet Use
Wang, P., Wang, J., Yan, Y., Si, Y., Zhan, X., & Tian, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.529665 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Relationship between behavioral inhibition/activation system and Internet addiction among Chinese college students: The mediating effects of intolerance of uncertainty and self-control and gender differences
Zhang, Z., Lin, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, G., Hou, X., Pan, Z., & Dai, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1047036 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Longitudinal association between addictive internet use and depression in early adolescents over a 2-year period: A study using a random intercept cross-lagged model
Takahashi, M., Adachi, M., Hirota, T., Nishimura, T., Shinkawa, H., Mori, H., & Nakamura, K. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107251 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A cross-lagged analysis of the relationship between short video overuse behavior and depression among college students
Zhang, D., Yang, Y., & Guan, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1345076 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…women often spend more time online chatting and participate in social networking activities, which can easily lead to a decrease in social support (Liang et al., 2016), women are more likely than men to experience upward social comparison when using social networking sites, which can lead to…”
Background
Maladaptive Perfectionism and Internet Addiction among Chinese College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model of Depression and Gender
Yang, W., Morita, N., Zuo, Z., Kawaida, K., Ogai, Y., Saito, T., & Hu, W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052748 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The prediction of depression on Internet addiction was higher in boys than in girls [47].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Internet Addiction and Emotional and Behavioral Maladjustment in Mainland Chinese Adolescents: Cross-Lagged Panel Analyses
Zhu, X., Shek, D. T. L., & Chu, C. K. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781036 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Academic stress and first-/third-person shooter game addiction in a large adolescent sample: A serial mediation model with depression and impulsivity
Mun, I. B. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107767 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Online Gaming Addiction and Depressive Symptoms Among Game Players of the Glory of the King in China: the Mediating Role of Affect Balance and the Moderating Role of Flow Experience
Hu, H., Zhang, G., Yang, X., Zhang, H., Lei, L., & Wang, P. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00573-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Social Media, Depressive Symptoms and Well-Being in Early Adolescence. The Moderating Role of Emotional Self-Efficacy and Gender
Calandri, E., Graziano, F., & Rollé, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660740 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric factor and polymorphism gene in internet addiction
Aryani, L. N. A., & Lesmana, C. B. J. (2019) · International journal of health & medical sciences · doi:10.31295/ijhms.v2n1.90 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Female adolescents were more prone to depression as a result of Internet addiction (Tsai et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2016).”
Background
The central mediating effect of inhibitory control and negative emotion on the relationship between bullying victimization and social network site addiction in adolescents
Wang, J., Wang, N., Qi, T., Liu, Y., & Guo, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1520404 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
An analysis of the brain structures underlying the link between pathological Internet use and anxiety
Zhang, M., & Bian, Y. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106632 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationships between depression, loneliness and pathological Internet use in adolescents: A cross-lagged analysis
Fang, X., Tian, M., Wang, R., & Wang, P. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03180-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Online Addictions Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Iran: The Role of Attachment Styles and Gender
Salehi, E., Fallahchai, R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393221111242 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Problematic internet use has been frequently associated with psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety (Liang et al., 2016), and other addictive disorders (Durkee et al., 2016; Laconi et al., 2015).”
Background
Effects of emotional working memory training on problematic internet use, inhibition, attention, and working memory among young problematic internet users: A randomized control study
Shahrajabian, F., Hasani, J., Griffiths, M. D., Aruguete, M. S., & Chashmi, S. J. E. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107659 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Understanding digital wellbeing: impacts, strategies, and the path to healthier technology practices
Uslu, O. (2025) · Discover Social Science and Health · doi:10.1007/s44155-025-00259-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Internet addiction and nonsuicidal self‐injury in adolescence: Associations with offline and online social support
Liu, S., Lin, M., Lee, Y., Wu, J. Y., Hu, W., & You, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23264 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hierarchical Linear Model of Internet Addiction and Associated Risk Factors in Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study
Li, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114008 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“lose skills and abilities in realistic communication [53].”
Background
Electrophysiological activity is associated with vulnerability of Internet addiction in non-clinical population
Wang, G., & Griškova-Bulanova, I. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.025 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Academic expectation stress and online gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of stress mindset
Cheng, Y., Jiang, S., & Chen, J. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107492 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The buffer effect of physical activity: Why does parental marital satisfaction affect adolescents’ problematic Internet use
Zheng, X., Chen, J.-W., Guo, Y.-F., Xiong, Q., Hu, Y.-Q., Shi, S., Li, C., & Yu, Q.-L. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100271 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In order to alleviate emotional stress, depressed individuals are also found to be more likely to participate in leisure activities, such as watching TV, surfing the Internet, and playing online games (Liang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResult
Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Internet Addiction: The Mediating Roles of Self-Compassion and Depression
Lian, Y., Liu, L., & Wang, W. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02067-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Examining the predictors of university students' engagement, fear of missing out and Internet addiction in online environments
Avcı, Ü., & Kula, A. (2022) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-05-2021-0416 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Internet Dependence in an Undergraduate Population
Odacı, H., & Çelik, Ç. B. (2016) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633116668644 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Adicción a internet en adolescentes: una breve revisión
Rojas-Jara, C., Ramos-Vera, J., Pardo-González, E., & Henríquez-Caroca, F. (2018) · Drugs and Addictive Behavior · doi:10.21501/24631779.2876 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A one-year longitudinal study on the mediating role of problematic TikTok use and gender differences in the association between academic stress and academic procrastination
Liu, Q., & Li, J. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03654-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Moreover, studies have indicated that males are more likely to utilize the Internet for recreational activities (Liang et al., 2016).”
Affiliation with depressive peer groups and social and school adjustment in Chinese adolescents
Chen, L., & Chen, X. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001184 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“It was found in Chinese adolescents that depression positively predicted internet addiction in boys, but not in girls (Liang et al., 2016).”
Background
The impact of lockdown policy on depressive symptoms among pregnant women in China: mediating effects of internet use and family support
Zhou, Y., Wang, R., Liu, L., Ding, T., Huo, L., Qi, L., Xiong, J., Yan, J., Zeng, L., Yang, J., et al. (2021) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-021-00193-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The relationship between problematic Internet use in adolescents and emotion regulation difficulty and family Internet attitude
Günaydın, N., Arıcı, Y. K., Kutlu, Y., & Demir, E. Y. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22708 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Internet addiction, mental health, and sleep quality in students of medical sciences, Iran: A cross-sectional study
Arzani-Birgani, A., Zarei, J., Favaregh, L., & Ghanaatiyan, E. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1506_20 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“[12] Moreover, the results of various studies indicated that high use of the internet could be associated with anxiety,[13] stress,[2] poor sleep quality,[10] suicidal thoughts,[14] and reduced physical activity.”
BackgroundInfluential
Depression mediates the relationship of experiential avoidance and internet addiction: a cross-lagged mediation analysis
Cao, Y., Liu, Q., Yu, Q., Fan, J., Wang, X., Yao, R., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04511-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Increasing evidence also supported the essential role of depression in the development of IA (Ha et al., 2007 ; G. Li et al., 2019; Liang et al., 2016; Nie et al., 2017; Seki et al., 2019).”
The effects of emotional working memory training on internet use, impulsivity, risky decision-making, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in young adults with problematic use of the internet: A preliminary randomized controlled trial study into possible mechanisms
Chashmi, S. J. E., Shahrajabian, F., Hasani, J., Potenza, M. N., Kuss, D. J., & Hakima, F. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“When working memory is impaired, cognitive functions may be impaired, which can affect education, employment, and other aspects of daily life (Zhou et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationship between Problematic Internet Use and emotional variables in childhood and adolescence: systematic review of longitudinal evidence
Villanueva‐Blasco, V. J., García-Guerra, M., & Boubeta, A. R. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108561 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Internet addiction and depressive symptoms in adolescents: joint trajectories and predictors
Zhang, J., Wang, E., Zhang, L., & Chi, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1374762 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This heightened vulnerability may contribute to overindulgence in the Internet and exacerbate internalized issues (e.g., depression), surpassing those experienced by boys (108, 109).”
Background
Technology and the Global Adolescent
Gibbons, J. L., & Poelker, K. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108639538 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Personality traits associated with Internet addiction among college students in South India
Eapen, J. C., & Jeyavel, S. (2022) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2022.2142455 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…that the disparity between both genders could be because that the female respondents have better communication skills compared to male students, or that male participants would use internet for face-to-face communication (Balta & Horzum, 2008; Choi, 2001; Liang et al., 2016; Serin et al., 2010).”
Background

Quantifying gender differences in the impact of internet addiction on adolescent depression: A causal inference approach
Tarimo, C. S., Feng, Y., Jia, S., Wu, X., Zhao, W., Zuo, Y., Wang, Y., Bi, Y., & Wu, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.079 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Longitudinal Association Between Parental Depression and Adolescent Internet Addiction: An Explanatory Gender-Specific Analysis at the Aggregate and Symptom Levels
Ma, Y., Qiu, J., Qiao, L., Chi, P., & Lin, X. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01725-0
Relationships between Internet Addiction, Self-Control, and Depression among Chinese Adolescents under Confucian Culture: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis
Zhou, Z., Peng, H., Ren, M., Xin, S., & Ding, D. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2026.079929
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF ADULT DEPRESSION AND INTERNET ADDICTION
Ansari, M., Malik, T., Yusuf, S., & Dixit, D. K. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22186811
Cross-Lagged Panel Network Analysis Between Internet Addiction and Depression: Gender and Mid-Late Adolescent Differences
Jin, W., Gai, J., Sun, S., Chen, W., Wang, Y., Luo, M., Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, K., Hong, L., et al. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02022-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Liang, L., Zhou, D., Yuan, C., Shao, A., & Bian, Y.
Affiliations: Beijing Normal University (CN)
China Women's University (CN)
Corresponding author: Bian, Yufang
ORCID: Liang, Lichan
Zhou, Dan
Yuan, Chunyong
Bian, Yufang
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-10
Volume: 63
Pages: 463-470
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.043
OpenAlex: W2521916850
Cited by: 256
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 47.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
Keywords: internet addiction, depression, gender differences, adolescents, online social behavior, Chinese adolescents

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