The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia

Mendoza, Jessica S.; Pody, Benjamin C.; Lee, Seungyeon; Kim, Minsung; McDonough, Ian M.

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.027

Cited by 275Impact of Technology on AdolescentsPersonal Information Management and User BehaviorMobile Learning in Education

The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia

Mendoza, Jessica S., Pody, Benjamin C., Lee, Seungyeon, Kim, Minsung, McDonough, Ian M.·2018·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.027

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Abstract

Abstract Excessive cellphone use impacts attention and learning in classrooms. Given that attention declines over time, we investigated when during lecture cellphones might impair learning. Across two experiments, participants watched a 20-min lecture under different cellphone conditions (keep or remove). Groups who kept their cellphones received distracting text messages during the lecture. Participants were quizzed on the lecture. Quiz questions were divided into four segments depending on when the material was presented. Lastly, participants' nomophobia—the fear of being without access to one's cellphone—was assessed. Participants who kept their cellphone performed worse on the quiz for material presented in the 3rd quarter of the lecture than those without cellphones. Distracted participants performed worse on the test for the same material than those who were not distracted. Participants higher in nomophobia, especially on subscales having to do with losing connectedness and giving up convenience, performed worse on the quiz for material that occurred in the 3rd quarter of the lecture. Findings indicate that having cellphones in a short lecture has its largest impact on attention and learning 10–15 min into the lecture. This study provides novel insights into the interactions between technology and learning to help educators and students optimize learning.

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The effect of smartphone presence/availability during cognitive performance is moderated by mobile phone dependence, Internet use/attachment, and nomophobia.
“Recent research also suggests that the effect of smartphone presence/availability during cognitive performance is moderated by mobile phone (psychological) dependence21, Internet use/attachment30, and nomophobia (i.e., the fear of being without access to one’s cell phone16), all of these constructs being assessed with self-report scales.”
From Emotion-related impulsivity moderates the cognitive interference effect of smartphone availability on working memory (2019) · cites this paper as [16]

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Detecting distracted students in educational VR environments using machine learning on eye gaze data
Asish, S. M., Kulshreshth, A. K., & Borst, C. W. (2022) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2022.10.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Association between Symptoms of Nomophobia, Insomnia and Food Addiction among Young Adults: Findings of an Exploratory Cross-Sectional Survey
Jahrami, H., Abdelaziz, A., Binsanad, L., Alhaj, O. A., Buheji, M., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., BaHammam, A. S., & Vitiello, M. V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020711 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Adverse health effects of using mobile devices include repetitive strain injuries [5], muscle tension [6], headaches [7], decreased attention [8], anxiety [9], depression [10], poor concentration [11], sleep problems [12], and change in body weight [13].”
Background
Gender differences in the relationship between problematic internet use and nomophobia
Arpaci, I. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01160-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Impact of Accessing Education via Smartphone Technology on Education Disparity—A Sustainable Education Perspective
Alam, G. M., & Forhad, M. A. R. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151410979 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nomophobia: impact of cell phone use and time to rest among teacher students
Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J., López-Belmonte, J., Romero-Rodríguez, J.-M., & Rodríguez-García, A. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04084 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of environment and posture on the concentration and achievement of students in mobile learning
Yang, X., Zhao, X., Tian, X., & Xing, B.-B. (2020) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1707692 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dispositivos móviles en la educación: tendencias e impacto para la innovación
Pascuas-Rengifo, Y. S., García-Quintero, J. A., & Varela, M. A. M. (2020) · Revista Politécnica · doi:10.33571/rpolitec.v16n31a8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
With a smartphone in one's pocket: A descriptive cross-sectional study on smartphone use, distraction and restriction policies in nursing students
Zarandona, J., Cariñanos-Ayala, S., Cristóbal‐Domínguez, E., Martín-Bezos, J., Yoldi-Mitxelena, A., & Cillero, I. H. (2019) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.08.001 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the impact of technology related factors on students’ academic performance
Kuş, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1524645 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Negative Effect of Smartphone Use on Academic Performance May Be Overestimated: Evidence From a 2-Year Panel Study
Bjerre-Nielsen, A., Andersen, A., Minor, K., & Lassen, D. D. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620956613 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The relationship between the nomophobic levels of higher education students in Ghana and academic achievement
Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., & Tachie-Menson, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252880 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nomophobia and its predictors in undergraduate students of Lahore, Pakistan
Schwaiger, E., & Tahir, R. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04837 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Nomophobia is associated with lower academic performance and achievement [10, 11, 12, 13], difficulties in attentional regulation [14], greater levels of depression [15], anxiety [13, 16, 17], sleep problems [17], loneliness [4, 16, 18] and lower levels of happiness [4, 19, 20].”
Background
Beyond the Buzz: Investigating the Effects of a Notification-Disabling Intervention on Smartphone Behavior and Digital Well-Being
Dekker, C. A., Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., & Ohme, J. (2024) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2024.2334025 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Consequently, notifications have been found to impair cognitive performance (e.g., Kaminske et al., 2022; Mendoza et al., 2018; Upshaw et al., 2022; but see; Johannes et al., 2019), even when people do not check the received notifications (Stothart et al., 2015).”
Distraction, multitasking and self-regulation inside university classroom
Deng, L., Zhou, Y., & Broadbent, J. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12786-w · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“A wealth of studies has indicated that distractive multitasking during learning is often induced by digital devices, which has an adverse impact on students’ learning process and academic success (e.g., Demirbilek & Talan, 2018; McCoy, 2020; Mendoza et al., 2018; Rosen et al., 2013; Zhang, 2015).”
Relationship between nomophobia of nursing students and their obesity and self‐esteem
İnce, S. Ç. (2020) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12610 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“33 In nursing education, educators should be careful in terms of the students' nomophobia levels; attempts should be applied to restore attention by decreasing in ‐ class distractions and when it is observed that students are turning towards the phone due to attention reduction.”
Mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between mindfulness and nomophobia
Arpaci, I., & Gundogan, S. (2020) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2020.1856330 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The mere presence of a mobile phone: Does it influence driving performance?
Chee, P., Irwin, J., Bennett, J. M., & Carrigan, A. (2021) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.106226 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cellphone addiction explains how cellphones impair learning for lecture materials
Lee, S., McDonough, I. M., Mendoza, J. S., Brasfield, M. B., Enam, T., Reynolds, C., & Pody, B. C. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3745 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nomophobia and Self-Esteem: A Cross Sectional Study in Greek University Students
Vagka, E., Gnardellis, C., Lagiou, A., & Notara, V. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042929 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
When should chatbots express humor? Exploring different influence mechanisms of humor on service satisfaction
Xie, Y., Liang, C., Zhou, P., & Zhu, J. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108238 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cell phone use distracts young adults from academic work with limited benefit to self-regulatory behavior
Joshi, S. C., Woodward, J., & Woltering, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03830-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Previous studies have assessed the actual classroom CPU of college students and revealed that college students were hugely distracted by CPU, particularly texting (Mendoza et al., 2018), Facebook’ing, and Twitter’ing (Wood, 2018).”
Background
The impact of nomophobia and smartphone presence on fluid intelligence and attention
Schwaiger, E., & Tahir, R. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-1-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Nomophobia has been linked to lower academic performance and significant problems in regulation of attention (Aguilera-Manrique, 2018; Mendoza et al., 2018).”
Background
Bedtime smartphone use and academic performance: A longitudinal analysis from the stressor-strain-outcome perspective
Lin, Y., & Zhou, X. Y. (2022) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100110 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In addition, previous studies have highlighted that smartphone use plays an important role in the cultivation of nomophobia [36,61] and sleep deprivation [35,32].”
BackgroundInfluential
Determining Symptomatic Factors of Nomophobia in Peruvian Students from the National University of Engineering
Rosales-Huamaní, J. A., Guzman-Lopez, R. R., Aroni-Vilca, E. E., Matos-Avalos, C. R., & Castillo, J. L. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9091814 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The nature of nomophobia and its associations with contents of smartphone use and fear of missing out: A network perspective
Wen, J., Huang, Y., Liu, G., & Miao, M. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nomophobia and Its Relationship with Social Anxiety and Procrastination in Nursing Students: An Observational Study
Tárrega-Piquer, I., Valero-Chillerón, M. J., González-Chordá, V., Llagostera-Reverter, I., Cervera-Gasch, Á., Andreu-Pejó, L., Pérez-Cantó, V., Ortíz-Mallasén, V., Blasco-Palau, G., & Mena-Tudela, D. (2023) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep13040140 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Between the Blabbering Noise of Individuals or the Silent Dialogue of Many: a Collective Response to ‵Postdigital Science and Education′ (Jandrić et al. 2018)
Arndt, S., Asher, G., Knox, J., Ford, D. R., Hayes, S., Lăzăroiu, G., Jackson, L., Mañero, J., Buchanan, R., D’Olimpio, L., et al. (2019) · Postdigital Science and Education · doi:10.1007/s42438-019-00037-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
After a Year of Online Learning Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Indonesian Undergraduate Students' Opinions and Behaviors
Prabawangi, R. P., Fatanti, M. N., & Ananda, K. S. (2021) · Asian Journal of University Education · doi:10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16211 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Beyond the smartphone's mere presence effect: A quantitative mobile eye tracking study on the visual and internal distraction potential of smartphones
Koessmeier, C., & Büttner, O. B. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107333 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nomophobia and the influence of time to REST among nursing students. A descriptive, correlational and predictive research.
Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J., Hinojo-Lucena, F.-J., Trujillo-Torres, J.-M., & Rodríguez-García, A. (2021) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103025 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Glimpse on 21st century new phobias; a predictive model of nomophobia
Ceobanu, C., Marian, A., & Apostolache, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252099 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…and texts and the consequences of this trend of frequent smartphone use could include disruptions in the current activity and a rise in anxiety (2), may have long-term effects resulting in personality disorders and perhaps exacerbating pre-existing problems e.g., “obsessive-compulsive…”
Background
Mobile multitasking in learning: A meta-analysis of effects of mobilephone distraction on young adults’ immediate recall
Chen, Q., Yan, Z., Moeyaert, M., & Bangert‐Drowns, R. L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108432 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
It’s all in the mind: The relationship between mindfulness and nomophobia on technology engagement while driving and aberrant driving behaviours
Koppel, S., Stephens, A., Kaviani, F., Peiris, S., Young, K., Chambers, R., & Hassed, C. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.03.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of Difficulty in Handling Emotions and Social Interactions on Nomophobia: Examining the Mediating Role of Feelings of Loneliness
Valenti, G., Bottaro, R., & Faraci, P. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00888-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…wellbeing, altering levels of attention and concentration, or provoking psychological disorders such as Internet, smartphones, gaming, or social media addictions, as well as depression and anxiety (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Deursen et al., 2015; Elhai et al., 2017; Mendoza et al., 2018).”
Does the Brain Drain Effect Really Exist? A Meta-Analysis
Böttger, T., Poschik, M., & Zierer, K. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13090751 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Web-Based Training and the Roles of Self-Explaining, Mental Effort, and Smartphone Usage
Hefter, M. H. (2021) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-021-09563-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The dark side of smartphone usage (Nomophobia): Do we need to worry about it?
Sezer, B., & Ciftci, B. (2019) · Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası · doi:10.25282/ted.513988 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“5 percent of the participants were found to receive lower grades in their exams when they spent too much time on their phones (12).”
Background
Smartphone addiction can maximize or minimize job performance? Assessing the role of life invasion and techno exhaustion
Hessari, H., & Nategh, T. (2022) · Asian Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s13520-022-00145-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…well-being (Elhai et al., 2019; Shahrestanaki et al., 2020; Thomée et al., 2011), decreased academic performance (Aguilera-Manrique 1 3 et al., 2018; Mendoza et al., 2018; Samaha & Hawi, 2016; Soomro et al., 2019; Yildiz Durak, 2019), decreased satisfaction with life (Samaha & Hawi, 2016),…”
Workplace nomophobia: a systematic literature review
Hessari, H., Daneshmandi, F., Busch, P., & Smith, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06222-y · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Ongoing research explores the complex interplay between smartphone use and psychological outcomes, including anxiety and depression, indicating that these relationships are shaped by individual variances and contextual usage (Sela et al., 2022; Mendoza et al., 2018; Arpaci, 2022).”
People are increasingly bored in our digital age
Tam, K. Y. Y., & Inzlicht, M. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00155-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“It iscommoninmanyaspectsofmodernlife,beitatwork 116 – 118 ,atschool 119,120 , or in daily life 121 .”
Late-Night Use of Social Media and Cognitive Engagement of Female Entrepreneurs: A Stressor–Strain–Outcome Perspective
Shahzad, F., Abbas, A. J., Fateh, A., Kasim, R. S. R., Akram, K., & Ashraf, S. F. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211037652 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In the workplace and the field of education, it was discovered that the overuse of smartphones might divert students from classroom activities and reduce their learning endeavors (Mendoza et al., 2018).”
Background
Use and adoption of ICTs oriented to university student learning: Systematic review using PRISMA methodology
López-Sánchez, J. A., Patiño-Vanegas, J. C., Valencia-Arías, A., & Valencia, J. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2288490 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“While some studies have suggested that ICT can enhance student engagement and motivation (Kowitlawakul et al., 2022), others have found that excessive use of technology can lead to distraction and reduced attention span (Mendoza et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2022).”
The Effect of Cell Phones on Attention and Learning in Nursing Students
Gutiérrez‐Puertas, L., Márquez‐Hernández, V. V., Gutiérrez‐Puertas, V., Gámez, G. G., & Aguilera‐Manrique, G. (2020) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/cin.0000000000000626 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Similarly, several studies have shown that the level of nomophobia negatively interferes with students' attention.(25,38) Particularly, Mendoza et al(25) reported that the group that did not have a cell phone available to them paid less and less attention as the class went on, which may be due to the fact that individ…”
BackgroundResult
University students and online social networks: Effects and typology
Gonzalez, M., Gascó, J. L., & Llopis, J. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Nomophobia Therapy on Self-esteem and Nomophobia Symptoms in High School Students
Nasab, N. M., Manshaee, G., & Nadi, M. A. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.109291 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“However, unsafe and problematic use of mobile phones may lead to negative and dangerous implications for users (2, 3).”
Background
Teaching presence predicts cyberloafing during online learning: From the perspective of the community of inquiry framework and social learning theory
Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Yao, L., Duan, C., Sun, X., & Niu, G. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12531 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nighttime cell phone use and sleep quality in young adults
Joshi, S. C., Woodward, J., & Woltering, S. (2021) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-021-00345-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous studies investigated texting, calling, and social networking, [6, 14, 35] but did not investigate violently explicit or emotionally charged media content before sleep.”
Adaptation of the European Portuguese Version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire for Adolescents, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties
Galhardo, A. B., Loureiro, D., Massano‐Cardoso, I., & Cunha, M. I. V. A. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00754-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Additionally, a relationship between nomophobia and lower academic performance and attention has also been reported (Mendoza et al., 2018).”
Background
Off-task social media multitasking during class: determining factors and mediating mechanism
Deng, L., Zhou, Y., & Hu, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-022-00321-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Increasing evidence has shown that students multitasking during lectures are often involved in activities unrelated to learning, which is detrimental to their attention, learning engagement, and performance (Chen & Yan, 2016; Demirbilek & Talan, 2018; Felisoni & Godoi, 2018; Lau, 2017; May & Elder, 2018; Mendoza et al…”
Background
Do Smartphone Addiction and Self-Regulation Failures Affect Students’ Academic Life Satisfaction? The Role of Students’ Mind Wandering and Cognitive Failures
Al‐Abyadh, M. H. A., Alatawi, M. A., Emara, E. A. M., Almasoud, S., Alsetoohy, O., & Ali, A. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s437076 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Students were shown to be distracted by messages they received on their cellphones in research by Mendoza et al 89 that produced similar findings.”
BackgroundResult
Perbedaan Nomophobia mahasiswa; analisis Rasch
Syahputra, Y., & Erwinda, L. (2020) · JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia) · doi:10.29210/02020616 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Does the Mere Presence of a Smartphone Impact Cognitive Performance? A Meta-Analysis of the “Brain Drain Effect”
Parry, D. A. (2023) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2023.2286647 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…on aspects of this literature, the potential performance impacts associated with the mere presence of a smartphone have been used as a justification for the existence of a range of media use behaviors, concepts, and effects (e.g., Melumad et al., 2020; Mendoza et al., 2018; Reinecke et al., 2018).”
Learning in hybrid classes: the role of off-task activities
Ochs, C., Gahrmann, C., & Sonderegger, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50962-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
How social crowding impacts mobile shopping: A perspective from information processing
Jin, J. K., Liu, Q., Yang, Y., Ma, B., & Pan, Y. (2025) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2025.104197 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi Düzeyini Etkileyen Faktörler ve Ders Performansları Üzerinde Nomofobinin Etkisi
Hoşgör, H. (2020) · OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.650312 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The effect of mobile phone usage policy on college students’ learning
Sumuer, E. (2021) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-020-09265-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nomophobia and relationships with latent classes of solitude
Lu, X., Liu, T., Liu, X., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2022) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2022.86.1.1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Excessive mobile phone use impacted students’ attention and learning, and those higher in nomophobia performed worse on quiz material in classrooms (Mendoza et al., 2018).”
Background
Nomophobia in teenagers: digital lifestyle, social networking and smartphone abuse
Ramos-Soler, I., López-Sánchez, C., & Quiles-Soler, C. (2021) · Communications Society · doi:10.15581/003.34.4.17-32 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Despite authors like Mendoza et al. (2018) point out that the effects of excessive use of smartphones is not always negative and harmful to learning, there is a relationship between low academic performance and a higher risk of nomophobia, as the results have shown.”
Result
Learning in the Face of Digital Distractions
Brady, A. C., Kim, Y., & von Spiegel, J. (2022) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9243-4.ch006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Social pressures and their impact on smartphone use stickiness and use habit among adolescents
Bai, H., Liu, J., Bai, W., & Cao, T. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29111 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Others cite studies showing how they can negatively impact focus, attention spans, and privacy [84,85].”
Background
Classification of Internal and External Distractions in an Educational VR Environment Using Multimodal Features
Asish, S. M., Kulshreshth, A. K., Borst, C. W., & Sutradhar, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456207 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“According to psychological research, many students are reported to use their phones during class to use social media, shop online, explore the internet, or be involved in non-academic activities [31].”
Background
The Impact of Nomophobia: Exploring the Interplay Between Loneliness, Smartphone Usage, Self-control, Emotion Regulation, and Spiritual Meaningfulness in an Indonesian Context
Safaria, T., Saputra, N. E., & Arini, D. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00438-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…on decreased academic achievement and work productivity (Ozdemir et al., 2018), creates a strong dependence on smartphones (Gutiérrez-Puertas et al., 2019), and triggers distraction during academic learning and laboratory practicum activities (Aguilera-Manrique et al., 2018; Mendoza et al., 2018).”
Do Age and Educational Stage Influence No-Mobile-Phone Phobia?
Rodríguez-García, A., Marín-Marín, J.-A., López-Núñez, J.-A., & Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094450 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Such is the magnitude of nomophobia that students’ academic performance, attention levels, and degree of learning are being affected [7,44].”
Background
Analysis of high school students’ use of digital devices: focus on learning and instruction elements
Ga-young, Y. U. N., & Kim, S.-J. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2468008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, the literature also emphasizes the risks of unfocused device usage, which can distract from academic goals and hinder motivation (Jin et al., 2024; Mendoza et al., 2018).”
Global research evidence on nomophobia during 2008-2022: a bibliometric analysis and review
Jahrami, H. A., Romdhane, F. F., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Bahammam, A., & Vitiello, M. (2023) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2023.2268888 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…population to nomophobia, given its demonstrated harmful effects on educational performance and achievements (Ahmed et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2017; Mendoza et al., 2018) and other negative consequences, including mental disorders (King et al., 2014, 2013) and physical injuries (Liu et al., 2019).”
Background
A Reassessment of the Impact and Significance of Social Media to Pathology
Chen, S. J. T., Samuelson, M. I., & Rajan, A. (2023) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2022-0463-ra · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Undergraduate mobile phone use in the Caribbean
Ahmad, T. (2019) · Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1108/jrit-01-2019-0001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Evaluation of Cognitive Failure and Excessive Smart Phone Use: A Path Model Analysis
Kancharla, K., Kanagaraj, S., & Gopal, C. N. R. (2022) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/2555 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Touch-operated world of teenagers in the distance education process: A cross-sectional study on nomophobia, netlessphobia and fear of missing out in nursing students.
Tuna, R., Alan, H., Saritas, M., & Bacaksiz, F. E. (2023) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103728 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Why do students disengage from online courses?
Mazman, S. G. (2024) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2024.100948 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Using nomophobia severity to predict illegal smartphone use while driving
Kaviani, F., Young, K. L., & Koppel, S. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100190 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…2013), and mental illnesses (Lee et al., 2018), encouraging perceptions of the experience as indicative of underlying treatable comorbidities (King et al., 2013; Mendoza et al., 2018; Yildirim & Correia, 2015) and associations with psychopathological conditions (Gonçalves, Dias, & Correia, 2020).”
Background
The Effectiveness of Two Different Occupational Therapy Interventions on Time Management and on Perceived Occupational Performance and Satisfaction in University Students with Severe Nomophobia: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Torpil, B., & Pekçetin, S. (2021) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2021.1977758 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that nomophobia has a negative effect on time management in university students (B€ulb€ulo glu et al., 2020; Mendoza et al., 2018; Rodr ıguez-Garc ıa et al., 2020).”
Background
Capping Mobile Data Access Creates Value for Bottom-of-the-Pyramid Consumers – Experimental Evidence from a Mumbai Settlement
Ramdas, K., & Sungu, A. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2024.4989 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Cellphone addiction explains how cellphones impair learning for lecture materials
Lee, S., McDonough, I. M., Mendoza, J. S., Brasfield, M. B., Enam, T., Reynolds, C., & Pody, B. C. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3745 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effect of Cell Phones on Attention and Learning in Nursing Students
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Authors: Mendoza, J. S., Pody, B. C., Lee, S., Kim, M., & McDonough, I. M.
Affiliations: University of Alabama (US)
University of Arkansas at Monticello (US)
University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Corresponding author: McDonough, Ian M.
ORCID: Lee, Seungyeon
McDonough, Ian M.
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-09
Volume: 86
Pages: 52-60
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.027
OpenAlex: W2797796630
Semantic Scholar: f4f270e599b06961e7e87a7134ef59805ab4b78f
Cited by: 275
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 55.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Mobile Learning in Education
Keywords: mobile devices, attention, learning, nomophobia, distraction, text messages, lectures, time of day effects, technology and learning, classroom technology use

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The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia

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