Nomophobia: Is the Fear of Being without a Smartphone Associated with Problematic Use?
Open accessAbstract
Mobile phones are changing behaviour, relationships, communication and the dynamics of physical environments. As such, reliance on the device for everyday activities has increased. Consequently, “nomophobia”, defined as the fear of being without one’s mobile phone, has emerged as a new phobia. The current study aimed to determine if nomophobia can increase the likelihood of problematic dependent, prohibited and dangerous mobile phone use. The sample comprised 2838 participants (males n = 1337 females n = 1501) recruited from various online platforms. The instrument used to measure nomophobia was the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), while problematic mobile phone use was measured using the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ-R). The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between nomophobia and all three problematic use factors. In addition to nomophobia, regression models revealed younger age and more time spent on a mobile phone per day significantly increased problematic dependency, prohibited use and dangerous use. Males were more likely to engage in prohibited and dangerous use, while no significant gender differences were found in dependent use. These findings support the need for further research into the relationship between nomophobia and specific aspects of problematic mobile phone use, such as using a mobile phone while driving.
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Nomophobia is considered an antecedent variable or predictor of problematic social media use, in which fear of not being able to communicate or access these media increases negative consequences for users.
“Therefore, nomophobia is now considered an antecedent variable or predictor of problematic social media use, in which fear (not being able to communicate or access these media) increases negative consequences for users (Kaviani et al., 2020).”
From Problematic use of social media in adolescents or excessive social gratification? The mediating role of nomophobia (2024) · cites this paper as Kaviani et al., 2020
The Discussion (§3.2.1; page not provided) says nomophobia can predict problematic mobile phone dependency, including fear of losing access to online connection. It does not establish nomophobia as a predictor of problematic social media use specifically; the study examines problematic phone use. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe fear of not being connected to social networks can increase the negative consequences of excessive or inappropriate social media use among adolescents.
“Significantly, the fear of not being connected to social networks can increase the negative consequences of excessive or inappropriate social media use among adolescents (Galhardo et al., 2020;Kaviani et al., 2020).”
From Problematic use of social media in adolescents or excessive social gratification? The mediating role of nomophobia (2024) · cites this paper as Kaviani et al., 2020
The Discussion (§3.2; page unavailable) says that fear of being without a smartphone can predict problematic phone use, including use where phones are prohibited. But the paper does not establish that this fear increases the negative consequences of social media use among adolescents: its participants were adults aged 18 or older (§1.4.1), and its findings concern mobile-phone use rather than social-media use specifically. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe constant gratification obtained using social networks produces negative consequences on the well-being of adolescents, such as the fear of not being connected or a negative mood.
“The positive and significant relationship between social use and nomophobia (β = .53,p < .001)indicates that the constant gratification obtained using social networks produces negative consequences on the well-being of adolescents, such as the fear of not being connected or a negative mood (Galhardo et al., 2020;Kaviani et al., 2020).”
From Problematic use of social media in adolescents or excessive social gratification? The mediating role of nomophobia (2024) · cites this paper as Kaviani et al., 2020
The Discussion (§3.2, page unavailable) links dependence on a smartphone for connection and belonging with increased nomophobia, and describes feeling lost or irritated without it. It does not establish that gratification from social networks causes these outcomes in adolescents; the Results (§2.1, page unavailable) say the largest age group was 40–59. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Kaviani, F., Robards, B., Young, K. L., & Koppel, S.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kaviani, Fareed
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-08-19
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 6024
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7504166
- OpenAlex
- W3050290818
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 16.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Monash University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- nomophobia, problematic mobile phone use, smartphone addiction, mobile phone use while driving, gender differences, age differences, daily screen time, Nomophobia Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Cell Phone Use, Adolescent, Adult, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult
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