Adolescents’ real-time social and affective experiences of online and face-to-face interactions
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Much disagreement exists surrounding the relationship between digital communication and adolescent well-being. Micro-level insight into the direct effect of online interaction on affective experiences in daily life is crucial to advancing this discussion. In this registered study, we used experience sampling in 1705 general-population adolescents (n = 43.226 total observations) to examine different emotional and social experiences, at the moment they engage in online and face-to-face social interactions. Adolescents reported significantly less positive affect when alone compared to when interacting online (B(SE)=-.15(.04), p=.001), but significantly more positive affect (B(SE)=.12(.04), p<.001) and less negative affect (B(SE)=-.12(.03), p<.001) and loneliness (B(SE)=-.65(.05), p<.001) when interacting face-to-face compared to online. Exploratory moderator analyses do not support the hypothesis that those with more social support experience greater benefits from online interaction. This study uniquely highlights both the momentary affective benefits and potential disadvantages of online interaction, thereby bringing clarification and nuance to this highly contentious topic.
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Adolescents with difficulties in face-to-face social interaction often seek to compensate in digital environments, generating a higher risk of being contacted by groomers.
“Likewise, adolescents with difficulties in face-to-face social interaction often seek to compensate for these limitations in digital environments [28], where they can better control how they present themselves and avoid the stress associated with face-to-face interactions [29], thus generating a higher risk of being contacted by the groomers [27].”
From Grooming Risk Factors in Adolescents with Abuse Histories: Insights from Chilean Reparative Programs (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes social compensation as a hypothesis: people with fewer social resources may be more comfortable interacting online than face-to-face. But the Discussion reports no strong support for that hypothesis, so the paper does not establish that adolescents with face-to-face difficulties often seek online interaction to compensate. The groomer-risk clause is cited to [27], not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Achterhof, R., Kirtley, O. J., Schneider, M., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Lecei, A., Lafit, G., & Myin-Germeys, I.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Achterhof, Robin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 129
- Pages
- 107159
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4226089730
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 12.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (174206)
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO G08416N, 1104219N, G08416N, FWO 1257821 N, G049219N, 1257821N)
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- adolescents, online interaction, face-to-face interaction, emotional experience, positive affect, negative affect, loneliness, social support, digital communication, youth welfare, social interaction
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