The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review
Abstract
Abstract Ten years ago called attention to the ‘Dark Triad’, a constellation of three conceptually distinct but empirically overlapping personality variables. The three members ‐‐ Machiavellianism, narcissism and subclinical psychopathy ‐‐ often show differential correlates but share a common core of callous‐manipulation. There are now dozens of studies on the triad and, according to Google Scholar, over 350 citations. The goal of this review is to update and critically evaluate this rapidly expanding literature. The standard measures of each Dark Triad member are reviewed along with newer combination measures. The Dark Triad members are located in in mainstream structural models, namely, the interpersonal circumplex as well as Five‐ and Six‐Factor Models. Key issues and controversies are addressed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The mixed findings in the literature may partly be attributable to the measurement tools used, and their respective reliability and validity issues.
“The mixed findings in the literature may partly be attributable to the measurement tools used, and their respective reliability and validity issues (8).”
From Empathy at the heart of darkness: empathy deficits that bind the dark triad and those that mediate indirect relational aggression. (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6 · Cited by 5,265 · see citing works
Personality: A Psychological Interpretation
Jenkins, J. G., & Allport, G. W. (1938) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1415717 · Cited by 3,215 · see citing works
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10497-7 · Cited by 2,943 · see citing works
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality
Leary, T. (1957) · Cited by 2,272 · see citing works
Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1204_1 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113514105 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Self-citationThe dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0019265 · Cited by 2,093 · see citing works
Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2007) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.52.3.351 · Cited by 2,074 · see citing works
Handbook of individual differences in social behavior
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-3482 · Cited by 2,011 · see citing works
A Narcissistic Personality Inventory.
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590 · Cited by 1,975 · cited 5× · see citing works
“One measure of subclinical narcissism has dominated the Dark Triad literature: The original 40-item NPI (Raskin & Hall, 1979) and its shorter form (NPI-16; Ames, Rose, & Anderson, 2006).”
InfluentialPersonality and Individual Differences
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2413-3 · Cited by 1,893 · see citing works
Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population.
Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151 · Cited by 1,775 · see citing works
A psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Personality: A Psychological Interpretation
Allport, G. W. (1962) · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3 · Cited by 1,435 · see citing works
The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory.
Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016530 · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective
O'Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025679 · Cited by 1,331 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ten years ago Paulhus and Williams (2002) called attention to the ‘Dark Triad’, a constellation of three conceptually distinct but empirically overlapping personality variables.”
BackgroundFacet Scales for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness: A Revision of the NEO Personality Inventory
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-d · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
Hollerbach, P., Mokros, A., Nitschke, J., & Habermeyer, E. (2018) · Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie · doi:10.1007/s11757-018-0478-z · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self enhancement: a mixed blessing?
Paulhus, D. L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality: A Psychological Interpretation.
Bernard, L. L., Āllport, G. W., & Stagner, R. (1938) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2084079 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model
Mealey, L. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00039595 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
What Does the Narcissistic Personality Inventory Really Measure?
Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., & Kashy, D. A. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191110382845 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
The dark triad: Facilitating a short‐term mating strategy in men
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. D., & Schmitt, D. P. (2008) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.698 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
The duality of human existence: Isolation and communion in Western man
Bakan, D. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy.
Hare, R. D. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.1.7 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Frick, P. J., Bodin, S. D., & Barry, C. T. (2000) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.4.382 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Assessing Leadership: A View from the Dark Side
Hogan, R. T., & Hogan, J. C. (2001) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00162 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
The dark triad and normal personality traits
Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
The Core of Darkness: Uncovering the Heart of the Dark Triad
Jones, D. N., & Figueredo, A. J. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1893 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.011 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Self-citationThe evolutionary genetics of personality
Penke, L., Denissen, J. J. A., & Miller, G. F. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.629 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.417 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00144 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Machiavellianism and psychopathy.
McHoskey, J. W., Worzel, W. P., & Szyarto, C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.192 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Brumbach, B. H., Figueredo, A. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2009) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9059-3 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Bartels, D. M., & Pizarro, D. A. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.010 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Conceptions of personality disorders and dimensions of personality.
Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (1989) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.4.305 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0024567 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the big 5.
Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C., & Harris, J. A. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Chabrol, H., van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R. F., & Séjourné, N. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Handbook of interpersonal psychology: theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5976 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Capturing the Four-Factor Structure of Psychopathy in College Students Via Self-Report
Williams, K. M., Paulhus, D. L., & Hare, R. D. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701268074 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Self-citationSex, Power, and Money: Prediction from the Dark Triad and Honesty–Humility
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Wiltshire, J. D., Bourdage, J. S., Visser, B. A., & Gallucci, A. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1860 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
6 The Narcissistic Self: Background, an Extended Agency Model, and Ongoing Controversies
Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2015) · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs
Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H., & MATTHEWS, G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2010-0-68427-6 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way
Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., & Partyka, J. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.008 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
The Perils of Partialling: Cautionary Tales from Aggression and Psychopathy
Lynam, D. R., Hoyle, R. H., & Newman, J. P. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191106290562 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Different Provocations Trigger Aggression in Narcissists and Psychopaths
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550609347591 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential K theory: The sociobiology of individual and group differences
Rushton, J. P. (1985) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90137-0 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Hodson, G., Hogg, S. M., & MacInnis, C. C. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.005 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Differentiating the Dark Triad Within the Interpersonal Circumplex
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781118001868.ch15 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationRauthmann, J. F. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611427608 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Jonason, P. K., Koenig, B. L., & Tost, J. R. (2010) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9102-4 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation.
Williams, K. M., Nathanson, C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0020773 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationships between bullying behaviours and the dark triad: a study with adults
Baughman, H. M., Dearing, S., Giammarco, E., & Vernon, P. A. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.020 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Duplicity among the dark triad: Three faces of deceit.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000139 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationThe costs and benefits of the Dark Triad: Implications for mate poaching and mate retention tactics
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Buss, D. M. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.003 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism
Ali, F., Amorim, I. S., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.016 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
The Factor Structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Corry, N. H., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890802388590 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
The assessment of psychopathy in male and female noncriminals: Reliability and validity
Forth, A. E., Brown, S. L., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00221-9 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Leader development and the dark side of personality.
Harms, P., Spain, S. M., & Hannah, S. T. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.04.007 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Personality and the Fate of Organizations
Hogan, R. T. (2017) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315089904 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The Evolution of Personality and Individual Differences
(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.001.0001 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology
Horowitz, L. M., & Strack, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118001868 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Proposing a Multidimensional Machiavellianism Conceptualization
Rauthmann, J. F., & Will, T. (2011) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.3.391 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Trait Emotional Intelligence and the Dark Triad Traits of Personality
Petrides, K. V., Vernon, P. A., Schermer, J. A., & Veselka, L. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.1.35 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
A Review of Domestic Violence Risk Instruments
Dutton, D. G., & Kropp, P. (2000) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838000001002004 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Who is James Bond?: The Dark Triad as an Agentic Social Style
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010) · Individual Differences Research · doi:10.65030/idr.08011 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
When Psychopaths go to Work: A Case Study of an Industrial Psychopath
Babiak, P. (1995) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1995.tb01073.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors
Kowalski, R. M. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9354-3_10 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The ‘dark side’ of leadership personality and transformational leadership: An exploratory study
Khoo, H. S., & Burch, G. S. J. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.018 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2005) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.03.001 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasures of Dark Personalities
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00020-6 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationRe‐Examining Machiavelli: A Three‐Dimensional Model of Machiavellianism in the Workplace
Kessler, S. R., Bandelli, A. C., Spector, P. E., Borman, W. C., Nelson, C. E., & Penney, L. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00643.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Jonason, P. K., Valentine, K. A., Li, N. P., & Harbeson, C. L. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.025 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Are All Types of Morality Compromised in Psychopathy?
Glenn, A. L., Iyer, R., Graham, J., Koleva, S. P., & Haidt, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.4.384 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Inferring Sexually Deviant Behavior From Corresponding Fantasies
Williams, K. M., Cooper, B. S., Howell, T. M., Yuille, J. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854808327277 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationThe dark side of love: Love styles and the Dark Triad
Jonason, P. K., & Kavanagh, P. S. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.030 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Lynam, D. R., & Derefinko, K. J. (2006) · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Hall, J. R., & Benning, S. D. (2006) · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Dark Side” Personality Styles as Predictors of Task, Contextual, and Job Performance
Moscoso, S., & Salgado, J. F. (2004) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.0965-075x.2004.00290.x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Relations between humor styles and the Dark Triad traits of personality
Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A., Martin, R. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.017 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Differential infidelity patterns among the Dark Triad
Jones, D. N., & Weiser, D. A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.007 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Vernon, P. A., Martin, R. A., Schermer, J. A., et al. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.003 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Charan, R., & Colvin, G. L. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Validating the factor structure of the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in a community sample.
Mahmut, M. K., Menictas, C., Stevenson, R. J., & Homewood, J. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0023090 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Life History strategy, Psychopathic Attitudes, personality, and general intelligence
Gladden, P. R., Figueredo, A. J., & Jacobs, W. J. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.010 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self‐presentation style in job interviews: the role of personality and culture
Paulhus, D. L., Westlake, B. G., Calvez, S. S., & Harms, P. D. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12157 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationLau, K. S. L., & Marsee, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9586-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Examining the Factor Structure of the Hare Self-Report Psychopathy Scale
Neal, T. M. S., & Sellbom, M. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.648294 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.021 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Personality and misconduct correlates of body modification and other cultural deviance markers
Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationFurnham, A. F., & Crump, J. (2005) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.543 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationPeople With Dark Personalities Tend to Create a Physically Attractive Veneer
Holtzman, N. S., & Strube, M. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612461284 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Factor structure of the B-Scan 360: A measure of corporate psychopathy.
Mathieu, C., Hare, R. D., Jones, D. N., Babiak, P., & Neumann, C. S. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0029262 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Holtzman, N. S. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.09.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Relationships between the Dark Triad and humor styles: A replication and extension
Martin, R. A., Lastuk, J. M., Jeffery, J., Vernon, P. A., & Veselka, L. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.010 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Behavioral Genetic Study of the Dark Triad of Personality and Moral Development
Campbell, J., Schermer, J. A., Villani, V. C., Nguyen, B., Vickers, L. C., & Vernon, P. A. (2009) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.12.2.132 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The relation between antisocial personality and the perceived ability to deceive
Giammarco, E. A., Atkinson, B. E., Baughman, H. M., Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.004 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00001-000 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sex differences in the dark side traits
Furnham, A. F., & Trickey, G. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.021 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationFurtner, M. R., Rauthmann, J. F., & Sachse, P. (2011) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.3.369 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Furnham, A. F. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230281226 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationZuroff, D. C., Fournier, M. A., Patall, E. A., & Leybman, M. J. (2010) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0018472 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Blowhards, Snobs, and Narcissists
Leary, M. R., Bednarski, R., Hammon, D. E., & Duncan, T. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9354-3_6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Beyond the Big Five: The Dark Triad and the Supernumerary Personality Inventory
Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.2.158 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Some Apparent Advantages of Subclinical Psychopathy
Ray, J. J., & Ray, J. (1982) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1982.9713415 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lawrence, C. (2006) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20122 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hicklin, J., & Widiger, T. A. (2005) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.562 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2006) · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Narcissism, vanity, personality and mating effort
Egan, V., & McCorkindale, C. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.034 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Elephant in the Boardroom: The causes of leadership derailment
Furnham, A. F. (2010) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinguishing the Dark Triad: Evidence from the Five-Factor Model and the Hogan Development Survey
Douglas, H., Bore, M. R., & Munro, D. (2012) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2012.33033 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gordon, D. S., & Platek, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Social Evolutionary and Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0099323 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Kaiser, J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.318.5858.1843 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Comparing the Measured and Latent Dark Triad: Are Three Measures Better than One?
Editorial Board, Webster, G. D., Jonason, P. K., & Kavanagh, P. S. (2011) · Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences · doi:10.2458/v2i1.12363 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Differential Reproductive Behavior Patterns Among the Dark Triad
Jones, D. N., & de Roos, M. S. (2016) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-016-0070-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ecological Approaches to Personality
Figueredo, A. J., Wolf, P. S. A., Gladden, P. R., Olderbak, S. G., Andrzejczak, D. J., & Jacobs, W. J. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.003.0008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Status-driven risk taking: Another “dark” personality?
Visser, B. A., Pozzebon, J. A., & Reina-Tamayo, A. M. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0034163 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sensational Interests, Mating Effort, and Personality: Evidence for Cross-Cultural Validity
Egan, V., Figueredo, A. J., Wolf, P. S. A., McBride, K., Sefcek, J. A., Vásquez, G., & Charles, K. E. (2005) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.26.1.11 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Why CEOs Fail: The 11 Behaviors That Can Derail Your Climb to the Top
(2003) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730310505948 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The mini-markers of evil: Using adjectives to measure the dark triad
Harms, P. D., Roberts, B. W., & Kunce, N. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633912013-499 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Positively unpleasant: The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being
Egan, V. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.374 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113514105 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Self-citationMuris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616666070 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a taxonomy of dark personalities
Paulhus, D. L. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414547737 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral confirmation of everyday Sadism
Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613490749 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Self-citationFox, J., & Rooney, M. C. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.017 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Psychopathy and machiavellianism: a distinction without a difference?
Miller, J. D., Hyatt, C. S., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Carter, N. T., & Lynam, D. R. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12251 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Moral disengagement, the dark triad, and unethical consumer attitudes
Egan, V., Hughes, N., & Palmer, E. J. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.054 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Moor, L., & Anderson, J. R. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.027 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Wurst, S. N., Gerlach, T. M., Dufner, M., Rauthmann, J. F., Grosz, M. P., Küfner, A. C. P., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000113 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Subjective socioeconomic status causes aggression: A test of the theory of social deprivation.
Greitemeyer, T., & Sagioglou, C. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000058 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression
Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.021 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being
Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The dark triad and intimate partner violence
Carton, H., & Egan, V. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.040 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Theoretical and empirical concerns regarding the dark triad as a construct
Glenn, A. L., & Sellbom, M. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_162 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Deception abilities emerged in large language models
Hagendorff, T. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2317967121 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Considering sadism in the shadow of the Dark Triad traits: A meta-analytic review of the Dark Tetrad
Bonfá-Araujo, B., Lima-Costa, A. R., Hauck-Filho, N., & Jonason, P. K. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111767 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Heym, N., Firth, J., Kibowski, F., Sumich, A., Egan, V., & Bloxsom, C. A. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00095 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Bertl, B., Pietschnig, J., Tran, U. S., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Sabouri, S., Gerber, M., Lemola, S., Becker, S. P., Shamsi, M., Shakouri, Z., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Kalak, N., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dirty Dozen: A concise measure of Dark Triad traits among at-risk youths
Pechorro, P., Jonason, P. K., Raposo, V., & Maroco, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00288-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sindermann, C., Sariyska, R., Lachmann, B., Brand, M., & Montag, C. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.114 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Styles of Leadership, Fears of Compassion, and Competing to Avoid Inferiority
Basran, J., Pires, C., Matos, M., McEwan, K., & Gilbert, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02460 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Male and female face of Machiavellianism: Opportunism or anxiety?
Czibor, A., Szabo, Z. P., Jones, D. N., Zsido, A. N., Paal, T., Szijjarto, L., Carre, J. R., & Bereczkei, T. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Monacis, L., Griffiths, M. D., Limone, P., Sinatra, M., & Servidio, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165738 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Jauk, E., Freudenthaler, H. H., & Neubauer, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000195 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sparks, B., Stephens, S., & Trendell, S. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107879 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Predicting SNS addiction with the Big Five and the Dark Triad
Lee, S.-L. (2019) · Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2019-1-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Steinert, C., Heim, N., & Leichsenring, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.736776 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Leite, Â., Cardoso, S., & Monteiro, A. P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20126136 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These traits share some characteristics in common, such as manipulation, selfishness, insensitivity, lack of empathy and affection [24].”
BackgroundSeto, E., & Davis, W. E. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111072 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of a scale to measure the dark side of personality
SALESSI, S., & OMAR, A. (2018) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/1982-02752018000200005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Emotion recognition and moral utilitarianism in the dark triad of personality.
Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2017) · Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia · doi:10.5114/nan.2017.74142 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 199-216
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1955478055
- Cited by
- 1,619
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 122 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 176 · 2021: 168 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 69.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, callousness, manipulation, interpersonal circumplex, Big Five personality traits, six-factor model, personality structure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
