Impacts of generative artificial intelligence on the future of labor market: a systematic review

“The rise in performance can also be attributed to the increased use of transformer-based training models (Vaswani et al., 2017).”

“Large Language Models (LLMs), that are deep learning algorithms, have demonstrated remarkable performance in undertaking NLP tasks (Chowdhery et al., 2022; Chung et al., 2022; Brown et al., 2020).”

“Previous studies on automation and robotics (Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2022) and computerization (Frey & Osborne, 2017) that examined their impacts on employment can provide useful insights into the potential effects of GenAI technologies on the future of the labor market, as well as the possible…”

“Accordingly, OpenAI ’ s ChatGPT and Google ’ s Gemini (previously known as Bard) are used in chatbots, language translators, and other programs, generating text that is often indistinguishable from human-written content (Lee et al., 2019).”

“It is based on a versatile LLM trained with approximately 45 terabytes of human interaction data, and it can generate novel, meaningful sequences of text that did not previously exist (Kung et al., 2023).”

“It was originally believed that tasks typically associated with occupations requiring high skills, such as complex manual tasks, and those using abstract thinking, creativity, and social intelligence, are outside the range of AI ’ s capabilities (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2020; Autor et al., 2003).”

“ChatGPT and DALL-E developed by OpenAI, and Gemini developed by Google are instances of GenAI technologies that have the ability to imitate human intelligence to some extent, by discovering relevant trends and patterns in different fields and domains (Liu et al., 2023; Singhal et al., 2023).”

“AI has the ability to take over hazardous and mundane tasks, allowing humans to spend more time on meaningful and innovative activities (Jarrahi, 2018).”

“Ayers et al. (2023) in their research on integration of AI in healthcare, emphasize the importance of thorough regulation and human oversight.”

“Large Language Models (LLMs), that are deep learning algorithms, have demonstrated remarkable performance in undertaking NLP tasks (Chowdhery et al., 2022; Chung et al., 2022; Brown et al., 2020).”

“…songs, reports, forms, scripts, guides, creating codeless automated programs for businesses, and enhancing relationships between stakeholders and businesses through dialogue and service (Basic et al., 2023; Floridi & Chiriatti, 2020; Singh & Singh, 2023; Wang & Demszky, 2023; Zhang & Li, 2021).”

“GenAI as the umbrella term includes several tools and these tools have facilitated the integration of GenAI across different sectors such as healthcare, medicine, education, media, and tourism (Chan & Hu, 2023; Dehouche & Dehouche, 2023).”

“GenAI as the umbrella term includes several tools and these tools have facilitated the integration of GenAI across different sectors such as healthcare, medicine, education, media, and tourism (Chan & Hu, 2023; Dehouche & Dehouche, 2023).”

“In an empirical study conducted by Noy and Zhang, it was demonstrated that GenAI improves productivity whilst reducing inequalities between workers with different levels in digital skills (Noy & Zhang, 2023).”

“Large Language Models (LLMs), that are deep learning algorithms, have demonstrated remarkable performance in undertaking NLP tasks (Chowdhery et al., 2022; Chung et al., 2022; Brown et al., 2020).”

“Accordingly, this perception is associated with increased pessimism, depression, and the desire to leave the job (Brougham & Haar, 2018; Li et al., 2019; Vieitez et al., 2010).”

“AI in the workplace has the potential to enhance well-being, motivation, job identity which, in turn, can lead to improved organizational performance and achievements (Huchler, 2022; Parker & Grote, 2022).”

“NLP aims to enable computer systems to understand, process, and generate human language in a comprehensible and meaningful way (Fleuren & Alkema, 2015; Wang et al., 2018; Yim et al., 2016).”

“Accordingly, this perception is associated with increased pessimism, depression, and the desire to leave the job (Brougham & Haar, 2018; Li et al., 2019; Vieitez et al., 2010).”

“Moreover, the advancement of AI has provided a strong incentive for economic growth, increased the efficiency of economic development, and significantly impacted the labor market (Wang & Wang, 2022).”

“Salvagno et al. (2023) argue that with proper and balanced use of ChatGPT, productivity and speed can be achieved in scientific writing.”

“…social and economic justice for some individuals in the American workforce, including females, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) workers, employees from rural communities, and individuals with occupational disabilities (Dergaa et al., 2023; Flynn et al., 2021; Mann & Smith, 2017).”

“In other words, the generated outputs of such systems create more diversity than a standard pattern (Ramaswamy & Ozcan, 2018).”

“Together with LLMs, these models can produce texts resembling human-written content, though they may also generate other accurate and/or fake contents (Biswas, 2023; Gupta et al., 2022; McGuffie & Newhouse, 2020).”

“Wach et al. (2023) report that one of the main concerns about AI is the lack of market regulation.”

“Nevertheless, the extent to which the job market is impacted by AI generally depends on how businesses adapt to digital transformation (Arntz et al., 2017).”

“The principal purpose of AI technologies is to replicate human capabilities, including learning, interaction, problem solving, decision making, persuasion, and implementation of actions (Huang et al., 2019; Rai et al., 2019; Schultz, 1992).”

“This progress was supported by a rapid increase in the availability of large datasets, which were deemed necessary for training these models (Zha et al., 2025).”

“In addition to these, AI can provide more accurate predictions, improve decision-making processes, and automate tedious tasks (Hamet & Tremblay, 2017; McCarthy, 2007; Verghese et al., 2018).”

“In addition to these, AI can provide more accurate predictions, improve decision-making processes, and automate tedious tasks (Hamet & Tremblay, 2017; McCarthy, 2007; Verghese et al., 2018).”

“John McCarthy coined the term AI for the first time in 1956 (McCarthy, 1987), followed by a period of AI winter in the 1980s when there was little interest or investment due to a lack of vision regarding its future prospects (Hendler, 2008).”

“The rapid development of AI creates many economic benefits (Damioli et al., 2021; Sequeira et al., 2021).”

“From an organizational point of view, the use of AI in a new work structure leads to more intelligent organizational decisions (Sequeira et al., 2021) and promotes innovation (Füller et al., 2022).”

“From employees ’ perspective, AI in new organizational structures impacts their employment (Schlogl & Sumner, 2018; Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2020), income (Autor et al., 2020) and well-being (Nazareno & Schiff, 2021).”

“…of new jobs (Sorensen et al., 2021; Osoba & Welser, 2017) and the growing income inequalities (Levesque, 2018; McKay et al., 2019) associated with AI, there are troubling facts about the negative health effects (Hollingsworth et al., 2017; McGee & Thompson, 2015) of AI use in the workplace.”

“NLP aims to enable computer systems to understand, process, and generate human language in a comprehensible and meaningful way (Fleuren & Alkema, 2015; Wang et al., 2018; Yim et al., 2016).”

“However, Charlwood and Guenole (2022) argue that AI may take over decisions which could reduce the sense of choice and control of users.”

“Since some positions are replaced by AI technologies, it is likely that these technologies will significantly impact employees ’ career development, which can be seen as a source of stress in modern work environments (Brougham & Haar, 2020).”

“Considering the anxieties about job security (Frey & Osborne, 2017), the unequal distribution of new jobs (Sorensen et al., 2021; Osoba & Welser, 2017) and the growing income inequalities (Levesque, 2018; McKay et al., 2019) associated with AI, there are troubling facts about the negative health…”

“GenAI as the umbrella term includes several tools and these tools have facilitated the integration of GenAI across different sectors such as healthcare, medicine, education, media, and tourism (Chan & Hu, 2023; Dehouche & Dehouche, 2023).”

“For instance, the integration of AI in healthcare improves the quality and efficiency of services, making it a useful and effective assistant in related activities (Hazarika, 2020).”

“NLP aims to enable computer systems to understand, process, and generate human language in a comprehensible and meaningful way (Fleuren & Alkema, 2015; Wang et al., 2018; Yim et al., 2016).”

“AI can bring job stability and more income, especially for individuals with more education and experience (Fossen & Sorgner, 2022).”

“That said, the introduction of Expert Systems in the 1980s (Myers, 1986) was deemed revolutionary, even though these systems were mostly limited to supporting very specific tasks (Buchanan & Smith, 1988).”

“John McCarthy coined the term AI for the first time in 1956 (McCarthy, 1987), followed by a period of AI winter in the 1980s when there was little interest or investment due to a lack of vision regarding its future prospects (Hendler, 2008).”

“Chen (2023) raises similar concerns related to job security, legal privacy risks, and bias in the hiring process when adopting AI systems.”

“…accuracy and transparency of technology, increasing the flexibility of employees in making decisions related to their data, and developing local and global regulatory frameworks in order to protect the interests N. Salari et al. of workers and safeguard organizational values (Mantello & Ho, 2024).”

“…of new jobs (Sorensen et al., 2021; Osoba & Welser, 2017) and the growing income inequalities (Levesque, 2018; McKay et al., 2019) associated with AI, there are troubling facts about the negative health effects (Hollingsworth et al., 2017; McGee & Thompson, 2015) of AI use in the workplace.”

“The principal purpose of AI technologies is to replicate human capabilities, including learning, interaction, problem solving, decision making, persuasion, and implementation of actions (Huang et al., 2019; Rai et al., 2019; Schultz, 1992).”

“The period immediately following the Second World War and the advent of the Turing Test is often marked as the early days of AI (Fox et al., 2014).”

“Working with AI in the workplace leads to improved information exchange, increased flexibility in employees ’ work, and the possibility of remote work (Neeley & Leonardi, 2018).”

“Fatani (2023) also identified reliability issues in the use of ChatGPT in scientific research, especially in the fields of medicine and dentistry.”

“Chatbots, including ChatGPT, receive user requests (also referred to as prompts) as input and respond through either voice or text (Nithuna & Laseena, 2020; Thorat & Jadhav, 2020).”

“The potential applications of ChatGPT and its predecessors, such as GPT-3, are numerous.”

“The positive perspective presented in the study of Tavakoli et al. (2022) highlights that AI, as an innovative technology, can effectively contribute to improving educational processes and developing skills.”

“…social and economic justice for some individuals in the American workforce, including females, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) workers, employees from rural communities, and individuals with occupational disabilities (Dergaa et al., 2023; Flynn et al., 2021; Mann & Smith, 2017).”

“The performance of these models depends on the accuracy of the questions, the quality of the data, and the relevance of the context (Adewale et al., 2024).”

“Although AI contributes to productivity and economic growth, it increases inequality, reduces good jobs and negatively impacts wages for workers with low or average skills (Tyson & Zysman, 2022).”

“Furthermore, AI contributes to substitution (80), res-killing, and deskilling (Huang & Sharif, 2017; Rafner et al., 2022).”

“Together with LLMs, these models can produce texts resembling human-written content, though they may also generate other accurate and/or fake contents (Biswas, 2023; Gupta et al., 2022; McGuffie & Newhouse, 2020).”

“AI, as a useful tool, can help improve employees ’ performance by providing individual feedback, thereby clearly playing a helpful and positive role in the work environment (Jain et al., 2022).”

“…songs, reports, forms, scripts, guides, creating codeless automated programs for businesses, and enhancing relationships between stakeholders and businesses through dialogue and service (Basic et al., 2023; Floridi & Chiriatti, 2020; Singh & Singh, 2023; Wang & Demszky, 2023; Zhang & Li, 2021).”

“Kanitz et al. (2023) highlight the significant potential of GenAI, considering it as a leading technology with exceptional capabilities to improve and transform processes, and techniques, and support organizational change.”

“Fukumura et al. (2021) also raised concerns about the major changes that AI may introduce to job requirements, which may lead to job losses for some individuals.”

“…social and economic justice for some individuals in the American workforce, including females, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) workers, employees from rural communities, and individuals with occupational disabilities (Dergaa et al., 2023; Flynn et al., 2021; Mann & Smith, 2017).”

“On the other hand, in industries such as manufacturing and medical sector, the advancements in GenAI may focus on enhancing efficiency and performance (Deng et al., 2024; Khan, Mehmood, & Khan, 2024).”

“Chatbots, including ChatGPT, receive user requests (also referred to as prompts) as input and respond through either voice or text (Nithuna & Laseena, 2020; Thorat & Jadhav, 2020).”

“Accordingly, as a notable advantage of AI is that it creates new job opportunities in the digital economy, including roles such as AI programmers, e-commerce specialists, software developers, crowd workers, influencers, and social media workers (Merola, 2022).”

“From employees ’ perspective, AI in new organizational structures impacts their employment (Schlogl & Sumner, 2018; Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2020), income (Autor et al., 2020) and well-being (Nazareno & Schiff, 2021).”

“ChatGPT has approximately 175 billion parameters and uses natural language recognition through deep learning techniques (Giansanti, 2022).”

“Accordingly, LLMs are AI neural network models that can perform various NLP tasks (Li, 2022).”

“In addition to these, in the healthcare sector, GenAI technologies demonstrate the capabilities to diagnose diseases, support analyses of medical images, and production of novel and innovative medical treatments and drugs (Chatterjee et al., 2024).”

“The capability of GenAI algorithms to generate data and adapt to new tasks allows them to seamlessly transition and perform diverse tasks without the need for retraining (Morley et al., 2023).”

“Furthermore, AI contributes to substitution (80), res-killing, and deskilling (Huang & Sharif, 2017; Rafner et al., 2022).”

“Accordingly, this perception is associated with increased pessimism, depression, and the desire to leave the job (Brougham & Haar, 2018; Li et al., 2019; Vieitez et al., 2010).”

“Berretta et al. (2023) argue that the impact of AI on workers, particularly regarding the needs, skills and job identity, has not been sufficiently considered in the development and implementation process.”

“AI systems in the recruitment process reduce multiple steps of job advertisements, shortlisting, interviewing, and hiring (Chan, 2022).”

“From an organizational point of view, the use of AI in a new work structure leads to more intelligent organizational decisions (Sequeira et al., 2021) and promotes innovation (Füller et al., 2022).”

“…models to perform tasks such as analysis, content production, text generation, translation, summarization, text expansion, and rewriting have garnered significant attention from users across various fields (Boulus-R ø dje et al., 2024; Jiao et al., 2023; Sto-kel-Walker, 2022; Tate et al., 2023).”

“An analysis shows that progress in the field of robotics and AI may lead to the loss of jobs or a radical change in the way tasks are completed, ultimately increasing income and widening the income gap (Korinek & Stiglitz, 2018; M ´ EDA, 2019).”

“AI in the workplace has the potential to enhance well-being, motivation, job identity which, in turn, can lead to improved organizational performance and achievements (Huchler, 2022; Parker & Grote, 2022).”

“In the study by Schulte Steinberg and Hohenberger (2023), it is argued that AI may play a role in reducing gender discrimination in the workplace.”

“Nonetheless, changes in the work environment resulting from GenAI may lead to a sense of insecurity among employees (Shepherd, 2006).”

“GenAI, as a strand of AI, is recognized as a powerful technology with a positive effect on software product management, including generating ideas, reducing development costs and time, improving product quality, and enhancing user experience (Parikh, 2023).”

“Although there are some concerns associated with intellectual property rights in these sectors (Tyagi, 2024), there are certainly new dimensions that could be explored in various roles N. Salari et al. through adoption of GenAI technology.”

“In the organizational context, GenAI has demonstrated abilities for optimizing processes and reducing the human resources costs (Khan, Parahyanti, & Hussain, 2024).”

“Saving time and speeding up decision-making processes are among the opportunities of using Generative AI such as ChatGPT in jobs and the labor market (Khurana & Vaddi, 2023).”

“Never-theless, by taking over a wide range of tasks, AI could turn humans from active employees to passive controllers (Rieth & Hagemann, 2021).”

“Shao et al. (2022) also emphasize pertinent challenges such as the increase in the costs of low-skilled labor and the necessity of optimizing the structure of the labor force in the transformation process.”

“Together with LLMs, these models can produce texts resembling human-written content, though they may also generate other accurate and/or fake contents (Biswas, 2023; Gupta et al., 2022; McGuffie & Newhouse, 2020).”

“On the other hand, in industries such as manufacturing and medical sector, the advancements in GenAI may focus on enhancing efficiency and performance (Deng et al., 2024; Khan, Mehmood, & Khan, 2024).”

“…songs, reports, forms, scripts, guides, creating codeless automated programs for businesses, and enhancing relationships between stakeholders and businesses through dialogue and service (Basic et al., 2023; Floridi & Chiriatti, 2020; Singh & Singh, 2023; Wang & Demszky, 2023; Zhang & Li, 2021).”

“This includes introducing frameworks that emphasise transparency, safety, and the responsible use of AI tools (Salari et al., 2025).”

“It is also a big business, with capacity to influence all aspects of economic activity (Precedence Research 2024; Salari et al. 2025).”

“For example, replacing or reducing the needs of employees in certain content creating occupations (Salari et al. 2025).”

“…automation and are now widely used for sophisticated activities such as writing, information retrieval, and detailed task assistance, with substantial adoption among knowledge workers across sectors such as research, management, and professional services (Salari et al. 2025; Zhang et al. 2026).”

“Empirical evidences support that such conditions deteriorate job satisfaction, organizational commitment and psychological wellbeing, resulting emotional exhaustion, pessimism and withdrawal intentions among employees operating in AI-intensive environments (Chen et al., 2025; Salari et al., 2025).”

“…that strategies for combining digital competencies with unique human resources (e.g., relational skills, deep domain expertise) are particularly important, as are a willingness to learn and change professional roles continuously, and a willingness to treat GenAI as a collaborator [36, 37].”

“Although public debate on AI often centres on ethical dilemmas [28], labour transformation [29], or educational impact [30], little is known about how the general population perceives AI’s usefulness.”

“A systematic overview of the impact of AI on the future labor market is given in [12, 13].”

“According to recent studies, AI is a set of technologies capable of providing qualities traditionally offered by human intelligence, such as language recognition, learning, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving [2,3].”

“GenAI can also shift workplace expectations in ways that affect evaluation, autonomy, and workload distribution (Dillon et al., 2025 ; Mayer et al., 2025 ; Salari et al., 2025 ).”

“Salari et al. (2025) indicate that generative artificial intelligence may transform employment structures and increase demand for new combinations of technical, analytical, and interpersonal skills.”

“The rapid diffusion of generative AI further reinforces this trend, highlighting the growing importance of upskilling and reskilling initiatives [10].”

“…on the dual character of AI shows that it simultaneously creates and displaces labour demand (Choi & Leigh, 2024), and a systematic review of generative AI confirms that the transformation of jobs, rather than their wholesale substitution, is the dominant expected outcome (Salari et al., 2025).”