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Electrochemical recycling of lithium‐ion batteries: Advancements and future directions

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Review of the application of ionic liquid systems in achieving green and sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Shi, H., Luo, Y., Yin, C., & Ou, L. (2024) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4gc01207k · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Life Cycle of LiFePO 4 Batteries: Production, Recycling, and Market Trends

Rostami, H., Valio, J., Tynjälä, P., Lassi, U., & Suominen, P. (2024) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.202400459 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Reductive Roasting of Cathode Powder of Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery by Pyrolysis of Invasive Plant Crofton Weed

Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Huang, W., Omran, M., Zhang, F., Gao, L., & Chen, G. (2022) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.005 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Recent advances in preferentially selective Li recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review

Qian, C., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Li, J., & Fu, H. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.112903 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Microwave Assisted Ultrafast, Selective Lithium Extraction in Deep Eutectic Solvent for LIB Cathode Recycling

Alhashim, S. H., Bhattacharyya, S., & Ajayan, P. M. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202404570 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Upcycling of waste lithium-cobalt-oxide from spent batteries into electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction: A strategy to turn the trash into treasure

Mirshokraee, S. A., Muhyuddin, M., Morina, R., Poggini, L., Berretti, E., Bellini, M., Lavacchi, A., Ferrara, C., & Santoro, C. (2022) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232571 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Sustainable recovery and resynthesis of electroactive materials from spent Li-ion batteries to ensure material sustainability

Sarkar, M., Hossain, R., & Sahajwalla, V. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107292 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Examining green-sustainable approaches for recycling of lithium-ion batteries

Zhao, Q., Sun, K., Wang, X., Wang, Q., & Wang, J. (2023) · DeCarbon · doi:10.1016/j.decarb.2023.100034 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Emerging green technologies for recovery and reuse of spent lithium-ion batteries – a review

Wang, R., Zhang, Y., Sun, K., Qian, C., & Bao, W. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d2ta03295c · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents

Kovačević, A., Tolazzi, M., Sanadar, M., & Melchior, A. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.113248 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Comparative life cycle analysis of critical materials recovery from spent Li-ion batteries

Mousavinezhad, S., Kadivar, S., & Vahidi, E. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117887 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Thermodynamic and experimental analysis of lithium selectively recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by in-situ carbothermal reduction

Quan, Y., Zeng, J. C., Sui, Q., Wang, Z., Xu, S., Mao, S., Wen, H., Xiao, T., Wu, Y. J., Yuan, B., et al. (2023) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.111029 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Leaching of ion adsorption rare earths and the role of bioleaching in the process: A review

Li, J., Xiao, Y., Feng, X., Wang, J., Ma, Z., Yao, R., Zhai, Y., & Tian, L. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143067 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Recovery of high-value metals from the cathode of spent lithium-ion batteries via acid leaching: A review

Gebeyehu, K. B., Chen, L., Fan, L., Chao, Y., & Zhu, W. (2025) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2025.116174 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Closed-Loop Graphite Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries through Bioleaching

Roy, J. J., Tang, E. J. J., Phuong, M., Cao, B., & Srinivasan, M. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c07262 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Biotechnological recycling of hazardous waste PCBs using Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans through pretreatment of toxicant metals: Process optimization and kinetic studies

Ilyas, S., Srivastava, R. R., Kim, H., & Ilyas, N. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131978 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Innovative methodology for green recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: Effective pyrolysis with DMF

Zhong, X., Han, J., Mao, X., Chen, L., Chen, M., Zhu, H., Zeng, H., & Qin, W. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134503 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Electrochemical technology to drive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling: recent progress, and prospects

Li, M., Mo, R., Ding, A., Zhang, K., Guo, F., & Xiao, C. (2024) · Energy Materials · doi:10.20517/energymater.2024.29 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Advances in lithium-ion battery recycling: Strategies, pathways, and technologies

Tong, Z., Wang, M., Bai, Z., Li, H., & Wang, N. (2024) · ChemPhysMater · doi:10.1016/j.chphma.2024.05.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

A comprehensive review: Evaluating emerging green leaching technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

Shi, H., Zhang, J., & Ou, L. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.160006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Green solvents in battery recycling: status and challenges

Qiao, W., Zhang, R., Wen, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Tang, G., Liu, M., Kang, H., Said, Z., Hwang, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d3ta07905h · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Manganese bioleaching: an emerging approach for manganese recovery from spent batteries

Naseri, T., Pourhossein, F., Mousavi, S. M., Kaksonen, A. H., & Kuchta, K. (2022) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-022-09620-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Research progress on bioleaching recovery technology of spent lithium-ion batteries

Li, J., Zhang, H., Wang, H., & Zhang, B. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117145 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries via two-step bioleaching using adapted chemolithotrophs from an acidic mine pit lake

Lalropuia, L., Kučera, J., Rassy, W. Y., Pakostová, E., Schild, D., Mandl, M., Kremser, K., & Guebitz, G. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1347072 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Effective separation of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 cathode material and Al foil via digestion of PVDF enabling a closed-loop recycle

Qin, Z., Li, J., Zhang, T., Wen, Z., Zheng, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, N., Jia, C., Liu, X., & Chen, G. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d2ta06959h · Cited by 48 · see citing works

The future nickel metal supply for lithium-ion batteries

Sun, J., Zhou, H., & Huang, Z. (2024) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4gc01980f · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Recycling and Reuse of Spent LIBs: Technological Advances and Future Directions

Lv, L., Zhou, S., Liu, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Bu, C., Meng, J., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29133161 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Environmental Sustainability and Supply Resilience of Cobalt

Earl, C., Shah, I. H., Cook, S., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14074124 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Bio-metallurgical recovery of lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent NMC lithium ion batteries: A comparative analysis of organic acid systems

Gerold, E., Kadisch, F., Lerchbammer, R., & Antrekowitsch, H. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100397 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Advancements in direct recycling technologies for lithium-ion battery cathodes: Overcoming challenges in cathode regeneration

Natarajan, S., & Noda, S. (2025) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2025.100976 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Comprehensive insights into the gallic acid assisted bioleaching process for spent LIBs: Relationships among bacterial functional genes, Co(III) reduction and metal dissolution behavior

Liao, X., Ye, M., Liang, J., Jian, J., Li, S., Gan, Q., Liu, Z., Mo, Z., Huang, Y., & Sun, S. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130773 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Base metals (Fe, Al, Ti) and rare earth elements (Ce, La, Pr) leaching from red mud through an efficient chemical-biological hybrid approach

Ilkhani, Z., Vakilchap, F., Sadeghi, N., & Mousavi, S. M. (2024) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108603 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Recycling of spent graphite and copper current collector for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

Natarajan, S., Bhattarai, R. M., Sudhakaran, M. S. P., Mok, Y. S., & Kim, S. (2023) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233170 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Small‐scale and scale‐up bioleaching of Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent lithium‐ion batteries

Panda, S. K., Dembele, S., Mishra, S., Akçıl, A., Agcasulu, İ., Hazrati, E., Tuncuk, A., Malavasi, P., & Gaydardzhiev, S. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.7609 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

A comprehensive review on the separation and purification of valuable metals from the leachate of spent lithium-ion batteries

Shi, H., Zhang, J., & Ou, L. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.130847 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Acid leaching of LiCoO2 enhanced by reducing agent. Model formulation and validation

Cerrillo-González, M. D. M., Villen-Guzman, M. D., Vereda‐Alonso, C., Rodríguez‐Maroto, J. M., & Paz-García, J. M. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132020 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

The role of raw materials to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: Tracing the risks and positive contributions of cobalt along the lithium‐ion battery supply chain

Lima, L. D. S., Cocquyt, L., Mancini, L., Cadena, E., & Dewulf, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13336 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Enhanced bioleaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using ultrasonic treatment

Nazerian, M., Bahaloo-Horeh, N., & Mousavi, S. M. (2023) · Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11814-022-1257-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode Materials Using Compound Leaching Agents of Sulfuric Acid and Oxalic Acid

Yang, C., Wang, J., Yang, P., He, Y., Wang, S., Zhao, P., & Wang, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114169 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

The Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Effective Battery Life Cycle in the Closed Circular Economy Model—A Perspective

Pręgowska, A., Osial, M. E., & Urbańska, W. (2022) · Recycling · doi:10.3390/recycling7060081 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Effects of incineration and pyrolysis on removal of organics and liberation of cathode active materials derived from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries

Liu, P., Mi, X., Zhao, H., Cai, L., Luo, F., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Deng, C., He, J., Zeng, G., et al. (2023) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.025 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

A comprehensive review on the recovery of lithium from lithium-ion batteries and spodumene

Ali, A., Afrin, S., Asif, A. H., Arafat, Y., & Azhar, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126512 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Feasibility of reduced iron species for promoting Li and Co recovery from spent LiCoO2 batteries using a mixed-culture bioleaching process

Liao, X., Ye, M., Liang, J., Guan, Z., Li, S., Deng, Y., Gan, Q., Liu, Z., Fang, X., & Sun, S. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154577 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Biotechnological strategies to recover value from waste

Kinnunen, P., & Hedrich, S. (2023) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106182 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Recovery of LiCoO2 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries by molten-salt electrolysis

Feng, J., Zhang, B., Du, P., YaHong, Y., Li, M., Chen, X., Guo, Y., Xie, H., & Yin, H. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108097 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Material flow analysis on the critical resources from spent power lithium-ion batteries under the framework of China's recycling policies

Zong, Y., Yao, P., Zhang, X., Wang, J. X., Song, X., Zhao, J., Wang, Z., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.039 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

A review of cathode and electrolyte recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: Recent technologies, processes and policies

Zheng, S., Chen, T., Fang, Y., He, C., Duan, H., Ren, S., & Xu, C. C. (2024) · Resources Chemicals and Materials · doi:10.1016/j.recm.2024.01.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Advancements of lithium-ion battery Recycling: Transitioning from traditional methods to AI and machine learning techniques

Korde, V. B., Khelkar, A. B., Khot, S., Malavadakar, P., Deshmukh, P., & Amalraj, S. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116180 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Cost modelling and key drivers in lithium-ion battery recycling

Schlott, L., Gutsch, M., & Leker, J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clean Technology · doi:10.1038/s44359-025-00095-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Microrecycled Co3O4 from waste lithium-ion battery: Synthesis, characterisation and implication in environmental application

Hossain, R., & Sahajwalla, V. (2022) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.107858 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

A comprehensive investigation on the electrochemical performance, synthesis, modification, and recycling methods of LiFePO4 for sustainable future

Chacko, B., & Wuppulluri, M. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.112851 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Current Situation and Development Prospects of Discharge Pretreatment during Recycling of Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review

Shi, M., Ren, Y., Cao, J., Kuang, Z., Zhuo, X., & Xie, H. (2023) · Batteries & Supercaps · doi:10.1002/batt.202300477 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Two-step leaching of spent lithium-ion batteries and effective regeneration of critical metals and graphitic carbon employing hexuronic acid

Sahu, S., & Devi, N. (2023) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d2ra07926g · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Achieving Material and Energy Dual Circulations of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries via Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Zhang, B., He, L., Zhang, R., Yuan, W., Wang, J., Hu, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhou, L., Wang, J., & Wang, Z. L. (2023) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202301353 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

The priority leaching of lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode without the oxidization

Du, J., Qing, J., Fang, K., Zhang, G., Cao, Z., Li, Q., Wang, M., Guan, W., & Wu, S. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107374 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Gluconic Acid Leaching of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as an Environmentally Friendly Approach to Achieve High Leaching Efficiencies in the Recycling of NMC Active Material

Lerchbammer, R., Gerold, E., & Antrekowitsch, H. (2023) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met13081330 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Biotechnological Applications in Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Processing

Abdollahi, H., Saneie, R., Rahmanian, A., Ebrahimi, E., Mohammadzadeh, A., & Shakiba, G. (2024) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43625-3_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Bio-hydrometallurgical Methods For Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Bahaloo-Horeh, N., Vakilchap, F., & Mousavi, S. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31834-5_7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

A Sustainable Process for the Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Through Bioleaching: A Review

Panda, P. P., Samal, D. P. K., Sukla, L. B., & Behera, S. K. (2026) · Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals · doi:10.1007/s12666-025-03784-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Lithium bioleaching: An emerging approach for the recovery of Li from spent lithium ion batteries

Moazzam, P., Boroumand, Y., Rabiei, P., Baghbaderani, S. S., Mokarian, P., Mohagheghian, F., Mohammed, L. J., & Razmjou, A. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130196 · Cited by 186 · see citing works

Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: a review

Huang, Z., Feng, Z., Gou, L., & He, R. (2025) · Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management · doi:10.1007/s10163-025-02341-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works