Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers
Open accessAbstract
Laptops are commonplace in university classrooms. In light of cognitive psychology theory on costs associated with multitasking, we examined the effects of in-class laptop use on student learning in a simulated classroom. We found that participants who multitasked on a laptop during a lecture scored lower on a test compared to those who did not multitask, and participants who were in direct view of a multitasking peer scored lower on a test compared to those who were not. The results demonstrate that multitasking on a laptop poses a significant distraction to both users and fellow students and can be detrimental to comprehension of lecture content.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Participants in direct view of a multitasking peer scored 17% lower than those who were not.
“Moreover, participants in direct view of a multitasking peer scored 17% lower than those who were not.”
From Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance (2018) · cites this paper as Sana et al. (2013)
Participants who multitasked on a laptop during lecture scored lower on the test than non-multitaskers.
“Participants who multitasked on a laptop during lecture scored lower on the test than non-multitaskers.”
From Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance (2018) · cites this paper as Sana et al. (2013)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Egeth, H. E., & Kahneman, D. J. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421603 · Cited by 6,976 · see citing works
Engineering Psychology and Human Performance
Wickens, C. D., Hollands, J. G., Banbury, S. P., & Parasuraman, R. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315665177 · Cited by 4,998 · see citing works
Lane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707 · see citing works
Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.
Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0020071 · Cited by 4,540 · see citing works
Dual-task interference in simple tasks: data and theory
Pashler, H. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220 · Cited by 3,112 · see citing works
Multiple resources and performance prediction
Wickens, C. D. (2002) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220210123806 · Cited by 2,621 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is especially true if both tasks are competing for resources within the same sensory modality (Navon & Gopher, 1979; Wickens, 2002; Wickens & Hollands, 2000).”
BackgroundCognitive control in media multitaskers
Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903620106 · Cited by 1,810 · see citing works
Posner, M. I., & Boies, S. J. (1971) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0031333 · Cited by 1,751 · see citing works
On the economy of the human-processing system.
Navon, D., & Gopher, D. (1979) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.86.3.214 · Cited by 1,668 · see citing works
Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching
Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.4.763 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Allport, A. (1989) · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching.
Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.4.763 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning
Fried, C. B. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.006 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Risk, T. I. H., & Yagnik, H. (1958) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-08164-9 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Bailey, B. P., & Konstan, J. A. (2006) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.12.009 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Modulation of competing memory systems by distraction
Foerde, K., Knowlton, B. J., & Poldrack, R. A. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602659103 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment
Ahrens, C., & Robert, H. (1985) · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning
Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., Archer, K., De Pasquale, D., & Nosko, A. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.029 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Meteorology today : An introduction to weather, Climate, and the environment
Désalmand, F. (1998) · La Météorologie · doi:10.4267/2042/54533 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
The laptop and the lecture: The effects of multitasking in learning environments
Hembrooke, H., & Gay, G. (2003) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf02940852 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Cumulative development of attentional theory.
Posner, M. I. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.168 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Styles, E. (1997) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203690697 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Wireless Laptops as Means For Promoting Active Learning In Large Lecture Halls
Barak, M., Lipson, A., & Lerman, S. (2006) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2006.10782459 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
(2010) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 256 · see citing works
König, C. J., Bühner, M., & Murling, G. (2005) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1803_3 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Blackwell handbook of perception
Goldstein, E. B. (2001) · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Wurst, C., Smarkola, C., & Gaffney, M. A. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.05.006 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Naveh‐Benjamin, M., Craik, F. I. M., Perretta, J. G., & Tonev, S. T. (2000) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755914 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Driver, M. (2002) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/s1096-7516(01)00076-8 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Learning Strategies and Performance In a Technology Integrated Classroom
Debevec, K., Shih, M., & Kashyap, V. (2006) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2006.10782461 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Laptops in class: What are they good for? What can you do with them?
Weaver, B. E., & Nilson, L. B. (2005) · New Directions for Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/tl.181 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ubiquitous Computing on Campus: Patterns of Engagement by University Students
Crook, C. K., & Barrowcliff, D. (2001) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1302_9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Laptopers in an educational practice: Promoting the personal learning situation
Lindroth, T., & Bergquist, M. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.07.014 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Digital Unity and Digital Divide
Finn, S., & Inman, J. G. (2004) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2004.10782417 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Evolution of a laptop university: a case study
McVay, G. J., Snyder, K. D., & Graetz, K. A. (2005) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2005.00487.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Distractions in the Wireless Classroom.
Bugeja, M. J. (2007) · The chronicle of higher education · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Technology Integration for Students with Disabilities: Empirically Based Recommendations for Faculty
Fichten, C., Asuncion, J. V., Barile, M., Généreux, C., Fossey, M. E., Judd, D., Robillard, C., Simone, C. D., & Wells, D. (2001) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1076/edre.7.2.185.3869 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Dark Side of the Laptop University
Meierdiercks, K. (2005) · Journal of Information Ethics · doi:10.3172/jie.14.1.9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Teaching statistics by taking advantage of the laptop's ubiquity
Hyden, P. (2005) · New Directions for Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/tl.184 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Are Law Clerks Fair Game? Invading Judicial Confidentiality
Sorenson, C. W. (2008) · Valparaiso University law review · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Kahneman, D., & Treisman, A. (1984). Changing views of attention and automaticity. In R. Parasuraman, D. R. Davies, & J. Beatty (Eds.), Variants of attention (pp. 29-61). New York: Academic Press.
- McCreary, J. R. (2009). The laptop-free zone. Valparaiso University Law Review, 43, 1-87, Retrieved from. http://ssrn.com/abstract¼1280929.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The myths of the digital native and the multitasker
Kirschner, P. A., & De Bruyckere, P. (2017) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2017.06.001 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Wilmer, H. H., Sherman, L. E., & Chein, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00605 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
The consequences of media multitasking for youth: A review
van der Schuur, W. A., Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.035 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
May, K. E., & Elder, A. D. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-018-0096-z · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Causes, effects, and practicalities of everyday multitasking
Carrier, L. M., Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Lim, A. F. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.005 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
How Has the Internet Reshaped Human Cognition?
Loh, K. K., & Kanai, R. (2016) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858415595005 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
The influence of technology on academic distraction: A review
Dontre, A. J. (2021) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.229 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Ravizza, S. M., Hambrick, D. Z., & Fenn, K. M. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.007 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Applying the SOBC paradigm to explain how social media overload affects academic performance
Whelan, E., Islam, A. K. M. N., & Brooks, S. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103692 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
What else do college students “do” while studying? An investigation of multitasking
Calderwood, C., Ackerman, P. L., & Conklin, E. M. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.02.004 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Kuznekoff, J. H., Munz, S., & Titsworth, S. (2015) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634523.2015.1038727 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Make it our time: In class multitaskers have lower academic performance
Bellur, S., Nowak, K. L., & Hull, K. S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.027 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Gaudreau, P., Miranda, D., & Gareau, A. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.08.019 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Ose Askvik, E., van der Weel, F. R. (., & van der Meer, A. L. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01810 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Örün, Ö., & Akbulut, Y. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.027 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Media Multitasking: A Bibliometric Approach and Literature Review
Beuckels, E., Ye, G., Hudders, L., & Cauberghe, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623643 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of multitasking on retention and topic interest
Dindar, M., & Akbulut, Y. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.10.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Terry, C. A., Mishra, P., & Roseth, C. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Conard, M. A., & Marsh, R. F. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.11.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bains, M., Kaliski, D. Z., & Goei, K. A. (2022) · Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00039.2021 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hall, A. C. G., Lineweaver, T. T., Hogan, E. E., & O'Brien, S. W. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103901 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Downs, E., Tran, A., McMenemy, R., & Abegaze, N. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.08.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Triana, M. J., Prieto, L. P., Holzer, A., & Gillet, D. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2020.2995557 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tablets for teaching and learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tamim, R., Borokhovski, E., Pickup, D., Bernard, R. M., & Saadi, L. E. (2015) · Commonwealth of Learning · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3670.5042 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Forecasting errors in student media multitasking during homework completion
Calderwood, C., Green, J. D., Joy-Gaba, J. A., & Moloney, J. M. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A laptop for every child? The impact of technology on human capital formation
Hall, C., Lundin, M., & Sibbmark, K. (2021) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101957 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sana, F., Weston, T., & Cepeda, N. J.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Cepeda, Nicholas J.
- ORCID
- Sana, Faria
- Venue
- Computers & Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 24-31
- ISSN
- 0360-1315 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2123222302
- Cited by
- 707
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 63.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers & Education (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- York University Faculty of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Educational Methods
- Keywords
- student learning, lecture comprehension, distraction, university classrooms, simulated classroom
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review