As we fall asleep we forget about the future: A quantitative linguistic analysis of mentation reports from hypnagogia.
Open accessAbstract
We present a quantitative study of mental time travel to the past and future in sleep onset hypnagogia. Three independent, blind judges analysed a total of 150 mentation reports from different intervals prior to and after sleep onset. The linguistic tool for the mentation report analysis grounds on established grammatical and cognitive-semantic theories, and proof of concept has been provided in previous studies. The current results indicate that memory for the future, but not for the past, decreases in sleep onset - thereby supporting preliminary physiological evidence at the level of brain function. While recent memory research emphasizes similarities in the cognitive and physiological processes of mental time travel to the past and future, the current study explores a state of consciousness which may serve to dissociate between the two.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
<i>The Brain's Default Network</i>: <i>Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease</i>
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761 · see citing works
Episodic memory: from mind to brain
Tulving, E. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 · Cited by 4,950 · see citing works
Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2213 · Cited by 2,394 · cited 8× · see citing works
“imagining potential future events) seem to be two closely related processes (Schacter, Addis, & Buckner, 2007): It is assumed that episodic memories of the past feed into memory for the future, and empirical evidence suggests that a future event can be imagined more vividly and in more detail if the imagination is anc…”
InfluentialMappings in Thought and Language
Fauconnier, G. (1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174220 · Cited by 2,168 · see citing works
The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07001975 · Cited by 2,031 · see citing works
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016 · Cited by 1,949 · see citing works
Mental spaces : aspects of meaning construction in natural language
Fauconnier, G. (1994) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1,691 · see citing works
Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval
Wagner, A. D., Shannon, B. J., Kahn, I., & Buckner, R. L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.001 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610561104 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Spreng, R. N., Stevens, W. D., Chamberlain, J. P., Gilmore, A. W., & Schacter, D. L. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.016 · Cited by 1,256 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming
Maquet, P., Péters, J.-M., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383163a0 · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
The brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation
Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2012) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858411403316 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Spreng, R. N., & Grady, C. L. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21282 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states
Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Stickgold, R. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003976 · Cited by 985 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…a gradual decline in memory for the future within sleep onset, they can be seen as supporting previous assumptions made based on the AIM model (Hobson et al., 2000) that assume a gradual decrease of physiological activity, namely prefrontal activity, from waking to sleep onset, en route to…”
Evidence for the Default Network's Role in Spontaneous Cognition
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Huang, C., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00830.2009 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Intrusive re‐experiencing in post‐traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy
Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000025 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness
Hobson, J. A. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2716 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Thinking of the future and past: the roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobes
Okuda, J., Fujii, T., Ohtake, H., Tsukiura, T., Tanji, K., Suzuki, K., Kawashima, R., Fukuda, H., Itoh, M., & Yamadori, A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00179-4 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
The Theta System – an overview
Reinhart, T. (2002) · Theoretical Linguistics · doi:10.1515/thli.28.3.229 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Horovitz, S. G., Fukunaga, M., de Zwart, J. A., van Gelderen, P., Fulton, S. C., Balkin, T. J., & Duyn, J. H. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20428 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Depression, rumination and the default network
Berman, M. G., Peltier, S., Nee, D. E., Kross, E., Deldin, P. J., & Jonides, J. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq080 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
The Lexicon-Syntax Parameter: Reflexivization and Other Arity Operations
Reinhart, T., & Siloni, T. (2005) · Linguistic Inquiry · doi:10.1162/0024389054396881 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation
Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.011 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Slow Wave Sleep
Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J. J., Peters, J., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-08-02807.1997 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Vogt, B. A., & Laureys, S. (2005) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(05)50015-3 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.
McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Caeyenberghs, K., Leemans, A., Leunissen, I., Michiels, K., & Swinnen, S. P. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00726 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression, and the anticipation of future positive and negative experiences.
MacLeod, A. K., & Byrne, A. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.2.286 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Cortical network functional connectivity in the descent to sleep
Larson‐Prior, L. J., Zempel, J. M., Nolan, T. S., Prior, F., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0900924106 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Development of the Brain's Default Mode Network from Wakefulness to Slow Wave Sleep
Sämann, P. G., Wehrle, R., Hoehn, D., Spoormaker, V. I., Peters, H., Tully, C., Holsboer, F., & Czisch, M. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq295 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Dreaming and episodic memory: a functional dissociation?
Fosse, M. J., Fosse, R., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321107774 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Mental time travel and the shaping of the human mind
Suddendorf, T., Addis, D. R., & Corballis, M. C. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0301 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80045-9 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Suddendorf, T., & Grant, J. B. (2005) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2005.02.010 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms races
Flinn, M. V., Geary, D. C., & Ward, C. V. (2005) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.005 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Botzung, A., Denkova, E., & Manning, L. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.07.011 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Ogilvie, R. D. (2001) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0145 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Mappings in thought and language
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-3591 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20405 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Kaufmann, C., Wehrle, R., Wetter, T. C., Holsboer, F., Auer, D. P., Pollmächer, T., & Czisch, M. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh686 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Certainty in Pessimistic Predictions about the Future
Miranda, R., & Mennin, D. S. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9063-4 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Temporal sequence and unit composition in dream reports from different stages of sleep
Foulkes, D., & Schmidt, M. (1983) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/6.3.265 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The Handbook of contemporary syntactic theory
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-4298 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Chow, H. M., Horovitz, S. G., Carr, W. S., Picchioni, D., Coddington, N., Fukunaga, M., Xu, Y., Balkin, T. J., Duyn, J. H., & Braun, A. R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217691110 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Stickgold, R., Malia, A., Fosse, R., Propper, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2001) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/24.2.171 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Wamsley, E. J., Perry, K., Djonlagic, I., Reaven, L. B., & Stickgold, R. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.1.59 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Speth, J., Speth, C., Kaelen, M., Schloerscheidt, A. M., Feilding, A., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116628430 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain-mind states: reciprocal variation in thoughts and hallucinations
Fosse, R., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00306 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Memory, sleep, and dreaming: experiencing consolidation
Wamsley, E. J., & Stickgold, R. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.12.008 · Cited by 115 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…is consistent with previous findings that identify different fragments of recent waking episodes, but rarely find more elaborate replications of waking events in mentation reports from sleep (Fosse et al., 2003; Wamsley, Perry, Djonlagic, Reaven, & Stickgold, 2010; Wamsley & Stickgold, 2011).”
Sleep and the functional connectome
Picchioni, D., Duyn, J. H., & Horovitz, S. G. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.067 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Weiler, J. A., Suchan, B., & Daum, I. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20695 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Abraham, A., von Cramon, D. Y., & Schubotz, R. I. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20059 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Modeling Resting-State Functional Networks When the Cortex Falls Asleep: Local and Global Changes
Deco, G., Hagmann, P., Hudetz, A. G., & Tononi, G. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht176 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stickgold, R., Pace-Schott, E., & Hobson, J. A. (1994) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1994.1002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
What differentiates episodic future thinking from complex scene imagery?
Vito, S. D., Gamboz, N., & Brandimonte, M. A. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.013 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cognitive Aspects of Mental Activity during Sleep
Cicogna, P., Cavallero, C., & Bosinelli, M. (1991) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423247 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Comparison of Mental Activity During Sleep Onset and Morning Awakening
Cicogna, P., Natale, V., Occhionero, M., & Bosinelli, M. (1998) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/21.5.462 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
What's the Use of Worrying? Its Function and Its Dysfunction
Gladstone, G. L., & Parker, G. B. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01187.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Eyelid Movements and Mental Activity at Sleep Onset
Rowley, J., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (1998) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1998.0333 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nightcap: A Reliable System for Determining Sleep Onset Latency
Cantero, J. L., Atienza, M., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.2.238 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wu, C. W., Liu, P.-Y., Tsai, P.-J., Wu, Y.-C., Hung, C.-S., Tsai, Y.-C., Cho, K.-H., Biswal, B. B., Chen, C.-J., & Lin, C.-P. (2012) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2012.0075 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
De Gennaro, L., Marzano, C., Cipolli, C., & Ferrara, M. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.017 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wamsley, E. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00637 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lawrence‐Wood, E., Hooff, M. V., Baur, J., & McFARLANE, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.029 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ackema, P., & Marelj, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602513.003.0009 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Speth, C., & Speth, J. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.01.009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDescribing and modeling hypnagogic imagery using a systematic self-observation procedure.
Nielsen, T. (1995) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/h0094426 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gruber, J. S. (2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470756416.ch9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Speth, J., Frenzel, C., & Voss, U. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeth, J., Speth, C., & Harley, T. A. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeth, J., & Speth, C. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory Verbal Experience and Agency in Waking, Sleep Onset, REM, and Non‐REM Sleep
Speth, J., Harley, T. A., & Speth, C. (2016) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12363 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Fosse, M. J., Fosse, R., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. J. (2003). Dreaming and Episodic Memory: A Functional Dissociation? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(1), 1-9.
- Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 8(9), 657-61.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pre-sleep cognitive activity in adults: a systematic review
Lemyre, A., Belzile, F., Landry, M., Bastien, C. H., & Beaudoin, L. P. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101253 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Constructive episodic simulation in dreams
Wamsley, E. J. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264574 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“[58, 59] reported that participants were very unlikely to describe anticipation of the future in dream reports, relative to in reports of waking thought.”
BackgroundMental time travel to the future might be reduced in sleep.
Speth, J., Schloerscheidt, A. M., & Speth, C. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.11.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Speth, J., Schloerscheidt, A. M., & Speth, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Speth, Jana
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 45
- Pages
- 235-244
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2522423681
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- hypnagogia, sleep onset, mental time travel, states of consciousness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Consciousness, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Linguistics, Male, Memory, Sleep Stages, Databases, Factual, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review