Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin–mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise

Raschke, Silja; Eckel, Jürgen

doi:10.1155/2013/320724

Cited by 296Exercise and Physiological ResponsesAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesAdipose Tissue and Metabolism

Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin–mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise

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Raschke, Silja, Eckel, Jürgen·2013·Mediators of Inflammation

DOI 10.1155/2013/320724PMC PMC3686148

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Abstract

This review summarizes the current literature regarding the most discussed contraction-regulated moykines like IL-6, IL-15, irisin, BDNF, ANGPTL4, FGF21, myonectin and MCP-1. It is suggested that the term myokine is restricted to proteins secreted from skeletal muscle cells, excluding proteins that are secreted by other cell types in skeletal muscle tissue and excluding proteins which are only described on the mRNA level. Interestingly, many of the contraction-regulated myokines described in the literature are additionally known to be secreted by adipocytes. We termed these proteins adipo-myokines. Within this review, we try to elaborate on the question why pro-inflammatory adipokines on the one hand are upregulated in the obese state, and have beneficial effects after exercise on the other hand. Both, adipokines and myokines do have autocrine effects within their corresponding tissues. In addition, they are involved in an endocrine crosstalk with other tissues. Depending on the extent and the kinetics of adipo-myokines in serum, these molecules seem to have a beneficial or an adverse effect on the target tissue.

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Plasma ANGPTL4 acts on myotubes and is well-established as a myokine derived from physical exercise (exercise factor).
“Specifically, plasma ANGPTL4 acts on myotubes, and is well-established as a myokine derived from physical exercise (exercise factor; Raschke and Eckel, 2013; Ingerslev et al., 2017).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Raschke and Eckel, 2013
Section 2 (page not provided) lists ANGPTL4 among contraction-regulated myokines, and Section 9 reports increased plasma ANGPTL4 during endurance exercise. Section 9 does not say that plasma ANGPTL4 acts on myotubes; it describes ANGPTL4 expression and secretion by muscle cells. It also cautions that skeletal muscle may not be the only source of the exercise-associated rise in plasma ANGPTL4, so the claim that it is well-established as an exercise-derived myokine is too strong. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
ANGPTL4 is related to insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, and the increase of circulating fatty acids generated mainly by chronic caloric restrictions, fasting, and aerobic physical training.
“The performance of this protein is related to several physiological processes, among them are insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, adipogenesis (Cinkajzlova et al., 2018), and the increase of circulating fatty acids, which are generated mainly by chronic caloric restrictions, fasting, and aerobic physical training (Raschke and Eckel, 2013).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Raschke and Eckel, 2013

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NIEMAN, D. C., NEHLSEN-CANNARELLA, S. L., FAGOAGA, O. R., HENSON, D. A., UTTER, A., DAVIS, J. M., WILLIAMS, F., & BUTTERWORTH, D. E. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199805000-00005 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Characterization of the Human Visceral Adipose Tissue Secretome
Álvarez‐Llamas, G., Szalowska, E., de Vries, M. P., Weening, D., Landman, K., Hoek, A., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., Roelofsen, H., & Vonk, R. J. (2007) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m600265-mcp200 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Association of interleukin-15 protein and interleukin-15 receptor genetic variation with resistance exercise training responses
Riechman, S. E., Balasekaran, G., Roth, S. M., & Ferrell, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00491.2004 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Is a Potential Player in the Negative Cross-Talk between Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle
Sell, H., Dietze‐Schroeder, D., Kaiser, U., & Eckel, J. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0969 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise stimulates interleukin-6 secretion: inhibition by glucocorticoids and correlation with catecholamines
Papanicolaou, D. A., Petrides, J. S., Tsigos, C., Bina, S., Kalogeras, K. T., Wilder, R. L., Gold, P. W., Deuster, P. A., & Chrousos, G. P. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.3.e601 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
IL-6 selectively stimulates fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle
Wolsk, E., Mygind, H., Grøndahl, T. S., Pedersen, B. K., & van Hall, G. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00328.2010 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
BDNF is expressed in skeletal muscle satellite cells and inhibits myogenic differentiation
Mousavi, K., & Jasmin, B. J. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5398-05.2006 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Secretome of Primary Cultures of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells
Zvonic, S., LeFevre, M. L., Kilroy, G. E., Floyd, Z. E., DeLany, J. P., Kheterpal, I., Gravois, A., Dow, R., White, A., Wu, X., et al. (2006) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m600217-mcp200 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Human Primary Adipocytes Exhibit Immune Cell Function: Adipocytes Prime Inflammation Independent of Macrophages
Meijer, K., de Vries, M., Al-Lahham, S., Bruinenberg, M., Weening, D., Dijkstra, M., Kloosterhuis, N., van der Lei, R. J., van der Want, H., Kroesen, B., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017154 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Adipokines oversecreted by omental adipose tissue in human obesity
Maury, E., Ehala-Aleksejev, K., Guiot, Y., Détry, R., Vandenhooft, A., & Brichard, S. M. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00127.2007 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Caloric Restriction and Exercise Increase Plasma ANGPTL4 Levels in Humans via Elevated Free Fatty Acids
Kersten, S., Lichtenstein, L., Steenbergen, E., Mudde, K., Hendriks, H., Hesselink, M. K. C., Schrauwen, P., & Müller, M. M. (2009) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.182147 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Interleukin-15 stimulates adiponectin secretion by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: Evidence for a skeletal muscle-to-fat signaling pathway
QUINN, L., STRAITBODEY, L., ANDERSON, B., ARGILES, J., & HAVEL, P. (2005) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1016/j.cellbi.2005.02.005 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Is Induced in Human Skeletal Muscles by Hyperinsulinemia
Hojman, P., Pedersen, M., Nielsen, A. R., Krogh-Madsen, R., Yfanti, C., Åkerstrom, T., Nielsen, S., & Pedersen, B. K. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-0713 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Circulating Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Indices of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Golden, E., Emiliano, A. B., Maudsley, S. R., Windham, B. G., Carlson, O. D., Egan, J. M., Driscoll, I. F., Ferrucci, L., Martin, B., & Mattson, M. P. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010099 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Carbohydrate ingestion attenuates the increase in plasma interleukin-6, but not skeletal muscle interleukin-6 mRNA, during exercise in humans
Starkie, R. L., Arkinstall, M. J., Koukoulas, I., Hawley, J. A., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0585a.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Association between Interleukin-15 and Obesity: Interleukin-15 as a Potential Regulator of Fat Mass
Nielsen, A. R., Højman, P., Erikstrup, C., Fischer, C. P., Plomgaard, P., Mounier, R., Mortensen, O. H., Broholm, C., Taudorf, S., Krogh‐Madsen, R., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2561 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
Adamczak, M., & Więcek, A. (2013) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.12.008 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: A link with obesity?
Argilés, J. M. A., López‐Soriano, J., Almendro, V., Busquets, S., & López-Soriano, F. J. (2004) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.20010 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Mutation in a short-chain collagen gene, CTRP5 , results in extracellular deposit formation in late-onset retinal degeneration: a genetic model for age-related macular degeneration
Hayward, C., Shu, X., Cideciyan, A. V., Lennon, A., Barran, P., Zareparsi, S., Sawyer, L., Hendry, G., Dhillon, B., Milam, A. H., et al. (2003) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg289 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Myostatin Gene Expression is Reduced in Humans with Heavy-Resistance Strength Training: A Brief Communication
Roth, S. M., Martel, G. F., Ferrell, R. E., Metter, E. J., Hurley, B. F., & Rogers, M. A. (2003) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020322800609 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Muscle-Derived Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 Is Induced by Fatty Acids via Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor (PPAR)-δ and Is of Metabolic Relevance in Humans
Staiger, H., Haas, C., Machann, J., Werner, R., Weisser, M., Schick, F., Machicao, F., Stefan, N., Fritsche, A., & Häring, H.-U. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1438 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Profiling of the secreted proteins during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation leads to the identification of novel adipokines
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Proteomic identification of secreted proteins from human skeletal muscle cells and expression in response to strength training
Norheim, F., Raastad, T., Thiede, B., Rustan, A. C., Drevon, C. A., & Haugen, F. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2011 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Elevated Serum Levels of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor in the Metabolic Syndrome
Yamagishi, S., Adachi, H., Abe, A., Yashiro, T., Enomoto, M., Furuki, K., Hino, A., Jinnouchi, Y., Takenaka, K., Matsui, T., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2654 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Significance of chemokines and activated platelets in patients with diabetes
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Exercise increases serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels
Cuevas-Ramos, D., Almeda-Valdés, P., Meza-Arana, C. E., Brito-Córdova, G., Gómez-Pérez, F. J., Mehta, R., Oseguera-Moguel, J., & Aguilar-Salinas, C. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038022 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Regulates Satellite Cell Differentiation and Skeltal Muscle Regeneration
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Interleukin-15 mediates reciprocal regulation of adipose and muscle mass: A potential role in body weight control
Carbó, N., López-Soriano, J., Costelli, P., Alvarez, B., Busquets, S., Baccino, F. M., Quinn, L. S., López-Soriano, F. J., & Argilés, J. M. (2001) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00188-4 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Inflammation, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome
Yudkin, J. S. (2007) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-985898 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Regulation of Leptin Production in Cultured Mature White Adipocytes
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Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-? are not increased in patients with Type 2 diabetes: evidence that plasma interleukin-6 is related to fat mass and not insulin responsiveness
Carey, A. L., Bruce, C. R., Sacchetti, M., Anderson, M. J., Olsen, D. B., Saltin, B., Hawley, J. A., & Febbraio, M. A. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1403-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Mouse PeP: A novel peroxisomal protein linked to myoblast differentiation and development
Ferrer-Martı́nez, A., Ruiz‐Lozano, P., & Chien, K. R. (2002) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.10099 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and interleukin‐8 receptors on subsets of T cells: correlation with transendothelial chemotactic potential
Qin, S., LaRosa, G. J., Campbell, J. J., Smith‐Heath, H., Kassam, N., Shi, X., Zeng, L., Butcher, E. C., & Mackay, C. R. (1996) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830260320 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on immune changes after 2 h of intensive resistance training
Nieman, D. C., Davis, J. M., Brown, V. A., Henson, D. A., Dumke, C. L., Utter, A. C., Vinci, D. M., Downs, M. F., Smith, J., Carson, J. A., et al. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2003 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Electrical Pulse Stimulation of Cultured Human Skeletal Muscle Cells as an In Vitro Model of Exercise
Nikolić, N., Bakke, S. S., Kase, E. T., Rudberg, I., Halle, I. F., Rustan, A. C., Thoresen, G. H., & Aas, V. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033203 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Repeated resistance exercise training induces different changes in mRNA expression of MAFbx and MuRF-1 in human skeletal muscle
Mascher, H., Tannerstedt, J., Brink-Elfegoun, T., Ekblom, B. T., Gustafsson, T. P., & Blomstrand, E. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00504.2007 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is one of the most abundant proteins secreted by human adipocytes and induces insulin resistance and inflammatory signaling in muscle and fat cells
Famulla, S., Lamers, D., Hartwig, S., Paßlack, W., Horrighs, A., Cramer, A., Lehr, S., Sell, H., & Eckel, J. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.212 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic factors in human skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise and training
Høier, B., Nordsborg, N. B., Andersen, S., Jensen, L., Nybo, L., Bangsbo, J., & Hellsten, Y. (2011) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.216135 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
LIF is a contraction-induced myokine stimulating human myocyte proliferation
Broholm, C., Laye, M. J., Brandt, C., Vadalasetty, R., Pilegaard, H., Pedersen, B. K., & Scheele, C. C. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01399.2010 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
In-depth analysis of the secretome identifies three major independent secretory pathways in differentiating human myoblasts
Le Bihan, M.-C., Bigot, A., Jensen, S. S., Dennis, J. L., Rogowska-Wrzesinska, A., Lainé, J., Gache, V., Furling, D., Jensen, O. N., Voit, T., et al. (2012) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.008 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Acute interleukin-6 administration does not impair muscle glucose uptake or whole-body glucose disposal in healthy humans
Steensberg, A., Fischer, C. P., Sacchetti, M., Keller, C., Osada, T., Schjerling, P., van Hall, G., Febbraio, M. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2003.00631.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Acute interleukin-6 administration does not impair muscle glucose uptake or whole-body glucose disposal in healthy humans
Steensberg, A., Fischer, C. P., Sacchetti, M., Keller, C., Osada, T., Schjerling, P., van Hall, G., Febbraio, M. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.032938 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Regional differences in protein production by human adipose tissue
Arner, P. (2001) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0290072 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Effects of a three‐month combined exercise programme on fibroblast growth factor 21 and fetuin‐A levels and arterial stiffness in obese women
Yang, S. J., Hong, H. C., Choi, H. Y., Yoo, H. J., Cho, G. J., Hwang, T. G., Baik, S. H., Choi, D. S., Kim, S. M., & Choi, K. M. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04078.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Fndc5 knockdown significantly decreased neural differentiation rate of mouse embryonic stem cells
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Temporal Profiling of the Adipocyte Proteome during Differentiation Using a Five-Plex SILAC Based Strategy
Molina, H., Yang, Y., Ruch, T. R., Kim, J. W., Mortensen, P., Otto, T. C., Nalli, A., Tang, Q.-Q., Lane, M. D., Chaerkady, R., et al. (2008) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr800650r · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Contractile activity of human skeletal muscle cells prevents insulin resistance by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signalling pathways
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Direct Cross-talk of Interleukin-6 and Insulin Signal Transduction via Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Weigert, C., Hennige, A. M., Lehmann, R., Brodbeck, K., Baumgärtner, F., Schaüble, M., Häring, H. U., & Schleicher, E. D. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m509782200 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Upregulation of circulating IL-15 by treadmill running in healthy individuals: Is IL-15 an endocrine mediator of the beneficial effects of endurance exercise?
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Cardiac myocyte follistatin-like 1 functions to attenuate hypertrophy following pressure overload
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Exercise induces expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor in human skeletal muscle
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Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Secretory Proteins from Rat Adipose Cells Using a 2D Liquid Chromatography−MS/MS Approach
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Pronounced Effects of Acute Endurance Exercise on Gene Expression in Resting and Exercising Human Skeletal Muscle
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Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) protein is a physiological mediator of intracellular lipolysis in murine adipocytes
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Temporal Profiling of the Secretome during Adipogenesis in Humans
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Expression of drug resistance proteins in breast cancer, in relation to chemotherapy
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Regulation of follistatin-like protein 1 expression and secretion in primary human skeletal muscle cells
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Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations
Rokling-Andersen, M. H., Reseland, J. E., Veierød, M. B., Anderssen, S. A., Jacobs, D. R., Urdal, P., Jansson, J., & Drevon, C. A. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1293 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Adipose tissue-derived nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: results from experimental stress and diabetes.
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Contraction-induced interleukin-6 gene transcription in skeletal muscle is regulated by c-Jun terminal kinase/activator protein-1
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C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor α-related Protein Isoform 5 Is Increased in Mitochondrial DNA-depleted Myocytes and Activates AMP-activated Protein Kinase
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Circulating Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Levels Are Associated with Insulin Resistance and Decrease after Weight Loss
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IL-15 Overexpression Promotes Endurance, Oxidative Energy Metabolism, and Muscle PPARδ, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and PGC-1β Expression in Male Mice
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Resistance exercise increases NF-κB activity in human skeletal muscle
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Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells Are Committed to Myogenesis and Do Not Spontaneously Adopt Nonmyogenic Fates
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Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1
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Interleukin-6 acts as insulin sensitizer on glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle cells by phosphorylation of Ser473 of Akt
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Comparative proteomic analysis of the insulin‐induced L6 myotube secretome
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The role of neurotrophins in muscle under physiological and pathological conditions
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Identification of Secreted Proteins during Skeletal Muscle Development
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Increased serum pigment epithelium derived factor levels in Type 2 diabetes patients
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Comparative analysis of the secretory proteome of human adipose stromal vascular fraction cells during adipogenesis
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Characterization of the human visceral adipose tissue secretome
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Increased IL-15 production of muscle cells in polymyositis and dermatomyositis
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Acute exercise increases circulating inflammatory markers in overweight and obese compared with lean subjects
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Review Article Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin—Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise
Raschke, S., & Eckel, J. (2016)
Self-citation
Exercise and regulation of adipokine and myokine production
(2015) · Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.002 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citation
ADIPOKINES AND MYOKINES ARE IMPORTANT FOR SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE AND SKELETAL MUSCLE AS WELL AS HEALTH
Drevon, C. A. (2017) · Scripta Scientifica Pharmaceutica · doi:10.14748/ssp.v4i1.3948
Secreted proteins from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle – adipokines, myokines and adipose/muscle cross-talk
Trayhurn, P., Drevon, C. A., & Eckel, J. (2011) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.3109/13813455.2010.535835 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adipokines and Myokines: A Pivotal Role in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders
Chung, H. S., & Choi, K. M. (2017) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867325666171205144627 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Authors: Raschke, S., & Eckel, J.
Affiliations: Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
Corresponding author: Eckel, Jürgen
ORCID: Raschke, Silja
Eckel, Jürgen
Venue: Mediators of Inflammation
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013
Volume: 2013
Pages: 1-16
ISSN: 0962-9351 (ISSN-L)
1466-1861
DOI: 10.1155/2013/320724
PMC: PMC3686148
OpenAlex: W2116932335
Cited by: 296
References: 179
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 4.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Mediators of Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Keywords: myokines, adipokines, skeletal muscle contraction, interleukin-6, irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ANGPTL4, FGF21, myonectin, MCP-1, IL-15, obesity, inflammation, physical activity, autocrine signaling, adipocytes
MeSH terms: Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Endocrine System, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Inflammation, RNA, Messenger, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Muscle, Skeletal, Chemokine CCL2, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Interleukin-15, Leptin, Follistatin-Related Proteins, Angiopoietins, Adipokines

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Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin–mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise

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