Browning of White Fat: Novel Insight Into Factors, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics: FAT BROWNING AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS THERAPEUTICS
Open accessAbstract
What is more interesting about brown adipose tissue (BAT) is its ability to provide thermogenesis, protection against obesity by clearing triglycerides, releasing batokines, and mitigating insulin resistance. White adipose tissue (WAT) on the other hand stores excess energy and secretes some endocrine factors like leptin for regulating satiety. For the last decade there has been an increasing interest in the browning of fat keeping in view its beneficial effects on metabolic disorders and protection in the form of perivascular fat. Obesity is one such metabolic disorder that leads to significant morbidity and mortality from obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease risk. Browning of white fat paves the way to restrict obesity and obesity related disorders. Although exercise has been the most common factor for fat browning; however, there are other factors that involve: (1) beta aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA); (2) gamma amino butyric acid (GABA); (3) PPARɣ agonists; (4) JAK inhibition; and (5) IRISIN. In this review, we propose two novel factors musclin and TFAM for fat browning. Musclin a myokine released from muscles during exercise activates PPARɣ which induces browning of WAT that has beneficial metabolic and cardiac effects. TFAM is a transcription factor that induces mitochondrial biogenesis. Since BAT is rich in mitochondria, higher expression of TFAM in WAT or TFAM treatment in WAT cells can induce browning of WAT. We propose that fat browning can be used as a therapeutic tool for metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 61-68, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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BAIBA has been proposed as a promising molecule capable of inducing the thermogenic framework by an adrenergic-independent pathway.
“Moreover, BAIBA has been proposed as a promising molecule capable of inducing the thermogenic framework by an independent pathway of adrenergic activation (Jeremic et al., 2017).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Jeremic et al., 2017
Targeting brown adipose tissue and browning white adipose tissue may increase thermogenesis, lead to negative energy balance, and decrease glucose and triglyceride levels.
“Targeting of brown adipose tissue and browning white adipose tissue (inducing white adipocytes to become beige adipocytes) may increase thermogenesis, lead to negative energy balance, and decrease glucose and triglyceride levels [181].”
From Anti-Obesity Medications and Investigational Agents: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022 (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
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PGC-1α Is a Master Regulator of Mitochondrial Lifecycle and ROS Stress Response
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“Moreover, BAIBA has been proposed as a promising molecule capable of inducing the thermogenic framework by an independent pathway of adrenergic activation (Jeremic et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMuscle as a paracrine and endocrine organ
Giudice, J., & Taylor, J. M. (2017) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2017.05.005 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Differential Role of Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Related Metabolic and Vascular Complications
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Browning of white adipose tissue: lessons from experimental models
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Factors involved in white‐to‐brown adipose tissue conversion and in thermogenesis: a review
Montanari, T., Pošćić, N., & Colitti, M. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12520 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Dietary Factors Promoting Brown and Beige Fat Development and Thermogenesis
Okla, M., Kim, J.-Y., Koehler, K., & Chung, S. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.014332 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Impact of Skeletal Muscle Mass on Metabolic Health
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Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs
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Physical Exercise and Myokines: Relationships with Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Complications
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Irisin plays a pivotal role to protect the heart against ischemia and reperfusion injury
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Dietary polyphenols and their roles in fat browning
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Shaik Mohamed Sayed, U. F., Moshawih, S., Goh, H. P., Kifli, N., Gupta, G., Singh, S. K., Chellappan, D. K., Dua, K., Hermansyah, A., Ser, H. L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1182937 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
PGC-1α affects skeletal muscle and adipose tissue development by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis
Kong, S., Cai, B., & Nie, Q. (2022) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-022-01878-2 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
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Muscle-to-tumor crosstalk: The effect of exercise-induced myokine on cancer progression
Huang, Q., Wu, M., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., & Xia, Y. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188761 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Beiging of white adipose tissue as a therapeutic strategy for weight loss in humans
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Adaptive facultative diet-induced thermogenesis in wild-type but not in UCP1-ablated mice
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The key role of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in body fat redistribution
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Unlocking the Full Potential of SGLT2 Inhibitors: Expanding Applications beyond Glycemic Control
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Deciphering the Anti-obesity Benefits of Resveratrol: The “Gut Microbiota-Adipose Tissue” Axis
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Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease
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“Physical activity offers additional bene fi ts to patients with obesity, including the following [126,127,133]: Treatment of fat mass disease: Physical activity-related weight reduction, or physical activity prevention of body fat regain after weight loss, may help improve pathogenic biomechanical…”
BackgroundIrisin Ameliorates Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury through Modulation of Histone Deacetylase 4
Zhao, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, S.-Y., Du, J., Zhuang, S., & Zhao, T. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166182 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Uncovering the Role of p38 Family Members in Adipose Tissue Physiology
Leiva, M., Matesanz, N., Pulgarín-Alfaro, M., Nikolić, I., & Sabio, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.572089 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Developmental programming of offspring adipose tissue biology and obesity risk
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PPAR-α agonists are still on the rise: an update on clinical and experimental findings
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Trigonelline induces browning in 3T3‐L1 white adipocytes
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Primary cilia-dependent lipid raft/caveolin dynamics regulate adipogenesis
Yamakawa, D., Katoh, D., Kasahara, K., Shiromizu, T., Matsuyama, M., Matsuda, C., Maeno, Y., Watanabe, M., Nishimura, Y., & Inagaki, M. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108817 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fighting obesity: Non-pharmacological interventions
Higuera-Hernández, M. F., Reyes-Cuapio, E., Gutiérrez-Mendoza, M., Rocha, N., Veras, A. B., Budde, H., Jesse, J., Zaldívar-Rae, J., Blanco‐Centurion, C., Machado, S. E. D. C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bone Regulates Browning and Energy Metabolism Through Mature Osteoblast/Osteocyte PPARγ Expression
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Maresin 1 activates brown adipose tissue and promotes browning of white adipose tissue in mice
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Browning of Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue after Its Transplantation in Nude Mice
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Muscle endocrinology and its relation with nutrition
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Dietary curcumin supplementation promotes browning and energy expenditure in postnatal overfed rats
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Impact of estrogens on resting energy expenditure: A systematic review
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The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in Cardiovascular Disease
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Irisin induces white adipose tissue browning in mice as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Glucose Metabolism, and Lipid Metabolism
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The Role of Periprostatic Adipose Tissue on Prostate Function in Vascular-Related Disorders
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Fat Grafting Can Induce Browning of White Adipose Tissue
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“Ferrocrinology”—Iron Is an Important Factor Involved in Gluco- and Lipocrinology
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Exploring the role of gut microbiota in obesity and PCOS: Current updates and future prospects
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Endocrine Mechanisms Connecting Exercise to Brown Adipose Tissue Metabolism: a Human Perspective
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RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence of the myotendinous junction of mature horses and humans
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Sestrin2 ablation attenuates the exercise‐induced browning of white adipose tissue in C57BL/6J mice
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- Authors
- Jeremic, N., Chaturvedi, P., & Tyagi, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tyagi, Suresh C.
- Venue
- Journal of Cellular Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06-21
- Volume
- 232
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-68
- ISSN
- 0021-9541 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6567990
- OpenAlex
- W2412754298
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Cellular Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (HL-74185, HL-108621)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- white adipose tissue browning, brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, musclin, TFAM, mitochondrial biogenesis, PPARγ agonists, physical activity, beta-aminoisobutyric acid, GABA, JAK inhibition, irisin, perivascular adipose tissue, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Thermogenesis, Adipose Tissue, White
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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