Self and other in the human motor system.
Open accessAbstract
Observation of another's action can selectively facilitate the brain's motor circuits for making the same action . A "mirror-matching mechanism" might map observed actions onto the observer's own motor representations . Crucially, this view suggests that the brain represents others' actions like one's own. However, this hypothesis has been difficult to test because the experience of one's own body differs from that of others' bodies with respect to viewpoint, morphological features, familiarity, and the hallmark feature of kinaesthetic experience. We used an established method for manipulating the sense of body ownership ("rubber-hand illusion") to compare effects of observing actions that either were or were not illusorily attributed to the subject's own body. We show that observing another's actions facilitated the motor system, whereas observing identical actions, which were illusorily attributed to the subject's own body, showed the opposite pattern. Thus, motor facilitation strongly depends on the agent to whom the observed action is attributed. This result contradicts previous concepts of equivalence between one's own actions and actions of others and suggests that social differentiation, not equivalence, is characteristic of the human action system.
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Continuous stroking may not be necessary to induce the illusion; the rubber hand illusion can be 'topped up' by occasional sequences of stroking with periods of no stroking in between.
“Finally, we note that continuous stroking may not be necessary to induce the illusion. For example [23] showed that the RHI could be ‘topped up’ by occasional sequences of stroking with periods of no stroking in between.”
From First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality (2010) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Schütz-Bosbach, S., Mancini, B., Aglioti, S. M., & Haggard, P.
- Affiliations
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IT)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1830-1834
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091806562
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2511 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- mirror system, action observation, motor facilitation, rubber hand illusion, body ownership, self-other distinction, social cognition, motor representations, kinesthesia
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Hand, Humans, Illusions, Imitative Behavior, Movement, Physical Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Visual Perception, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Recognition, Psychology, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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