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Heartfelt imitation: High interoceptive awareness is linked to greater automatic imitation
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'Interoceptive awareness', defined as the individual's awareness of internal body signals, modulates self/other distinction under conditions of multisensory integration. We examined here, for the first time, the potential impact of interoceptive awareness on self/other distinction in the motor domain. In automatic imitation, inhibition of imitation is an index of an individual's success in distinguishing internally generated motor representations from those triggered by observing another person's action. This is measured by the 'congruency effect', which is the difference between mean reaction times when the observed action is 'incongruent' with the required action and when it is 'congruent'. The present study compared the congruency effect in a typical finger lifting paradigm, with interoceptive awareness measured by heartbeat perception. Contrary to expectation, interoceptive awareness was positively correlated with the congruency effect and this effect depended on mean reaction times in the incongruent condition, indicating that good heartbeat perceivers had more difficulty inhibiting the tendency to imitate. Potentially, high interoceptive awareness involves stronger interoceptive representations of the consequences of an action, implying higher empathy, greater motor reactivity in response to observed action and hence a greater tendency to imitate. Our results may also tentatively be explained within a predictive coding account of interoception.
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A timing control task is likely not an adequate control for the factors affecting performance on counting-based measures of interoception.
“Whilst newer research has advocated the use of a timing control task (Ainley et al., 2014), it is likely that this time estimation is not an adequate control for the factors affecting performance on counting based measures of interoception (Desmedt et al., 2020).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Ainley et al., 2014
In typical individuals, a relationship has been observed between both interoceptive accuracy and alexithymia and the ability to inhibit automatic imitation.
“Consistent with the high rates of alexithymia and interoceptive impairment in ASD, a relationship has been observed between both interoceptive accuracy (Ainley et al., 2014) and alexithymia (Sowden et al., 2016), and the ability to inhibit automatic imitation in typical individuals.”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Ainley et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ainley, V., Brass, M., & Tsakiris, M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Ainley, Vivien
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 21-28
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127381594
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 13.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Volkswagen Foundation (II/85064)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (262853)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- interoceptive awareness, automatic imitation, self-other distinction, heartbeat perception, congruency effect, motor representations, empathy, predictive coding, multisensory integration
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Awareness, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Male, Reaction Time, Young Adult, Interoception
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