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Cited by 316Ionic liquids properties and applicationsChemical and Physical Properties in Aqueous SolutionsPhase Equilibria and Thermodynamics

The perspectives of natural deep eutectic solvents in agri-food sector

Open access
Mišan, Aleksandra, Nađpal, Jelena, Stupar, Alena, Pojić, Milica, Mandić, Anamarija, Verpoorte, Robert, Choi, Young Hae·2020·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
DOI 10.1080/10408398.2019.1650717
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Abstract

The principles of 'green chemistry' are gaining importance in agri-food sector due to the need to reduce pollution from toxic chemicals, make industrial processes safer and more sustainable, and to offer 'clean-labeled products' required by the consumers. The application of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) - natural product-based green liquids is considered the promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. This review is intended to summarize and discuss recent advances related to physicochemical properties of NADES, their applications, compatibility with analytic techniques and toxicological profile, pointing out the challenges and necessary improvements for their wider utilization in agri-food sector. NADES allow extraction of wide range of food compounds and they are proven to be convenient for food-related applications. However, their potential for industrial scale-up utilization is not completely investigated. Examined NADES are readily biodegradable, but only preliminary studies on NADES toxicity which include limited number of NADES molecules are available. Apart from fundamental research dealing with NADES formation and the nature of the interactions and structure underpinning the liquid phase formation, the question of purity of NADES obtained by different synthetic methodologies need to be addressed in the future. Data on physicochemical properties of synthetized NADES are still needed as they are relevant for industrial applications.

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Crossref · 10.1080/10408398.2019.1650717

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Claims the paper makes

40 of 180 cited sources checked · 21 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    These properties depend on the chemical nature of the components and on their intermolecular interactions.

    “They are dependent on the chemical nature of its components and on their intermolecular interactions (Liu et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al. 2018 source
  • Premisecitation

    NADES were suggested as solvents for protein and DNA stabilization.

    “Furthermore, NADES were also suggested as solvents for protein (e.g.lysozyme, amylase, photosynthetic enzymes) and DNA stabilization (Choi et al. 2011;Dai et al. 2014;Milano et al. 2017;Xin et al. 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Choi et al. 2011 source

      In the paper’s discussion of drought and germination (page unavailable), the authors suggest that proteins could be conserved in NADES and enzymes could remain stable. The solubility discussion reports that salmon DNA dissolves in a tested NADES, but does not suggest that NADES stabilizes DNA. Thus, Choi et al. support the protein-stabilization part, not the DNA-stabilization part. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Dai et al. 2014 source
    • cites Milano et al. 2017 source
  • Premisecitation

    Physicochemical properties of NADES (viscosity, conductivity, density, and polarity) affect their end-use.

    “The physicochemical properties of the NADES (viscosity, conductivity, density and polarity) affect their end-use (Choi et al. 2011;Dai et al. 2013b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Choi et al. 2011 source

      In the paper’s main text (page not provided), Choi et al. describe NADES as viscous liquids and show that different NADES dissolve compounds to different degrees. They also propose uses as extraction and reaction solvents. Our copy does not establish that conductivity, density, or polarity affect end-use, so the full list of properties is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Dai et al. 2013b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Oral administration of rutin with NADES improved its bioavailability compared with water suspension.

    “The authors also observed that the oral administration of rutin with NADES improved bioavailability of this polyphenol compared to the water suspension.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Faggian et al. (2016) source
  • Premisecitation

    In this study, total vapor pressure was dominated by the constituent with the highest vapor pressure.

    “In this study it was shown that the total vapor pressure was dominated by the constituent with the highest vapor pressure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dietz et al. (2019) source
  • May combine two claims. 69
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most NADES reported in the literature are hydrophilic, while hydrophobic NADES were first reported in 2015 and their utilization is yet to be explored.

    “Most of NADES reported in the literature are hydrophilic, while hydrophobic NADES were reported in the literature for the first time in 2015(van Osch et al. 2015;;Ribeiro et al. 2015) and their utilization is yet to be explored.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites van Osch et al. 2015 source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says DESs are generally hydrophilic and presents hydrophobic DESs for the first time. It does not identify them as natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The Conclusions (page unavailable) report their use to extract volatile fatty acids, so the claim that their utilization had yet to be explored is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ribeiro et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NADES were first described by Choi et al. (2011) as a third class of liquids present in living cells, different from water and lipids, that serve as an alternative medium for biosynthesis, transport, and storage of compounds with intermediate polarity.

    “Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are firstly described by Choi et al. (2011) as a third class of liquids present in living cells, different from water and lipids, that play an important role as an alternative medium for biosynthesis, transport and storage of compounds with intermediate polarity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Choi et al. (2011) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Quantitative compositions of NADES can be obtained from spectroscopic measurements by computational models such as COSMO-RS, but such data are usually unavailable and uncertainties make it difficult to construct a NADES model.

    “Referring to Jeliński and Cysewski (2018), the quantitative compositions of NADES can be obtained from spectroscopic measurements by computational models such as COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents -COSMO-RS, but unfortunately, such data are usually unavailable, and the resulting uncertainties make it difficult to construct a NADES model.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jeliński and Cysewski (2018) source

      In Results and discussion, under “Construction of the model and validation” (page not provided), the paper says quantitative NADES compositions can in principle be obtained from spectroscopic measurements, but such data are usually unavailable and the uncertainty complicates modeling. It does not say COSMO-RS obtains compositions from spectroscopic measurements; it uses COSMO-RS for solvent modeling and solubility prediction. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Majority of hydrophilic NADES are characterized by high viscosity higher than that of pure organic solvents, in the range 200-500 mm2/s at 40°C, which is a major disadvantage that may limit their extraction capacity and applicability.

    “The majority of (hydrophilic) NADES are characterized with high viscosity higher than that of pure organic solvents, determined to be in the range 200-500 mm 2 s -1 at 40°C, being one of their major disadvantages that may limit their extraction capacity and applicability such as time-consuming solvent transfer operations, slow mass transfer in dissolutions or extractions, preheating before process”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. 2013b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Dai et al. 2015 source
    • cites Dai et al. 2016 source

      Section 3.2.1 identifies high viscosity, compared with conventional solvents, as a disadvantage of NADES that slows mass transfer and reduces extraction ability. Section 3.1.2 reports viscosities for six tested NADES in cP, but does not establish that most hydrophilic NADES fall in the claimed 200–500 mm²/s range at 40°C. The cited passages also do not address time-consuming solvent transfer operations. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The proline:glutamic acid NADES dissolved a comparable amount of rutin as ethanol and twenty times more than water.

    “This NADES was able to dissolve a comparable amount of rutin as ethanol and twenty times higher than water.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Faggian et al. (2016) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These new solvents presented the lowest viscosities ever obtained (2-14 mPa·s) for this class of solvents and densities lower than water, regardless of water content.

    “In addition, these new solvents presented the lowest viscosities ever obtained (2-14 mPa•s) for this class of solvents and densities lower than water, regardless of the water content.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Florindo et al. (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Developed NADES extraction methods were found to be greener, more efficient, and faster than conventional extraction methods.

    “The developed methods were found to be ''greener'', more efficient and faster than conventional extraction methods (Cicci, Sed, and Bravi 2017;Dai et al. 2013c;2014;2016;Duan et al. 2016;Lores et al. 2017;van den Bruinhorst et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cicci, Sed, and Bravi 2017 source

      The Introduction and Conclusions describe NaDES ingredients as natural and nontoxic and contrast them with hazardous conventional organic solvents, supporting the greener characterization. The results passage following Figure 2 finds ultrasound-assisted extraction more efficient than the paper’s other NaDES protocol, not more efficient than conventional extraction; it also describes a 24-hour extraction after ultrasound treatment. The paper does not establish that its methods are faster than conventional methods. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Dai et al. 2013c

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Duan et al. 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Florindo et al. (2018) prepared three NADES by exclusively combining fatty acids C8, C9, C10, and C12, which act simultaneously as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors and are stable in contact with water as determined by NMR spectroscopy.

    “Florindo et al. (2018) prepared three NADESs by exclusively combining fatty acids, such as octanoic acid (C8), nonanoic acid (C9), decanoic acid (C10), and dodecanoic acid (C12), which were proven to act simultaneously as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors and to be stable when in contact with water environments as determined by NMR spectroscopy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Florindo et al. (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Their total vapor pressures (55 Pa at 373 K) are not as low as those of typical low-volatile ILs (~1 Pa at 393 K) because NADES constituents can evaporate separately, while ILs need to evaporate as ion pairs to keep electroneutrality.

    “However, referring to the same authors, their total vapor pressures (55 Pa at 373 K) are not as low as those of typical low-volatile ILs (∼1 Pa at 393 K), because the NADES constituents can be evaporated separately (and thus easier), while the ILs need to be evaporated as ion pairs (in order to keep electroneutrality).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dietz et al. (2019) source

      The section on the HS-GC-MS method reports approximately 55 Pa at 373 K for a studied hydrophobic DES versus approximately 1 Pa at 393 K for a low-volatility IL, and gives the same explanation about separate evaporation and ion pairs. The paper identifies its measured solvents as hydrophobic DESs, not specifically NADES, so it does not establish the stated vapor pressure for NADES. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Solvent-based separation processes can reduce energy input, improve biocompatibility, and be used when distillation is not feasible because of delicate biomolecules.

    “Solvent-based separation processes can reduce the required energy input for separation, improve biocompatibility, and be used when distillation is technically not feasible because of the delicate nature of (bio)molecules to be separated (Schuur et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schuur et al. 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The observed toxicity results are consistent with the relationship between higher viscosity and higher cell lethality, because molar ratio and water content are associated with NADES viscosity.

    “Both factors, the molar ratio and water content, are associated with NADES viscosity, so these results are in line with the reported relationship between higher viscosity and higher cell lethality (Hayyan et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hayyan et al. 2016 source
    • Rests on an assumption: The molar ratio and water content of NADES are associated with their viscosity.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Water in NADES decreases their toxic effect.

    “Mbous et al. (2017) suggested that the presence of water in NADES decrease their toxic effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mbous et al. (2017) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For water-soluble caffeic and ferulic acid, the NADES method had better extraction yield than water, while for poorly water-soluble quercetin and luteolin, its extraction ability was comparable to methanol extraction.

    “For water-soluble compounds such as caffeic and ferulic acid, the method showed an extraction yield better than H 2 O, while in the case of quercetin and luteolin, poorly water soluble compounds extraction ability of the proposed method was comparable to methanol extraction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Espino et al. (2018) source

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    Premisecitation

    The nature of interactions in NADES depends on the type of solid materials forming liquids; charge delocalization via hydrogen bonding between HBA and HBD and Van der Waals interactions interfere with crystallization, causing significant melting point depression.

    “The nature of the interactions that take place depends on the type of solid materials forming liquids.Charge delocalization occurring via hydrogen bonding between HBA and HBD and Van der Walls interactions interfere with the ability of the initial compounds to crystallize, so they are the main cause of a significant melting point depression of NADES (de los Ángeles Fernández et al. 2018a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites de los Ángeles Fernández et al. 2018a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The impurities from the heating method resulted from formation of HCl, which led to ester bond formation between the cholinium cation and the acid.

    “As it was concluded by the authors, the impurities were the concequence of the formation of HCl, which led to an ester bond formation between the cholinium cation and the acid.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Florindo et al. (2014) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The food industry faces challenges of reducing waste, better utilizing by-products, and isolating bioactive compounds for nutraceuticals.

    “Thus, the food industry faces challenges of reducing waste, better utilization of by-products and isolating bioactive compounds which can be used as nutraceuticals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NADES components are abundantly present in nature, readily available, and biorenewable.

    “Components of NADES are abundantly present in nature, readily available, and biorenewable (Dai et al. 2013a;Pena-Pereira, Kloskowski, and Namieśnik, 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. 2013a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Pena-Pereira, Kloskowski, and Namieśnik, 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    NADES have been considered a fourth generation of ionic liquids.

    “Later, these novel, advanced class of green solvents have been considered as fourth generation of ionic liquids (Radošević et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Radošević et al. 2015 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A small amount of water could reduce the viscosity of NADES to the range of water and increase conductivity by up to 100 times for some NADES.

    “Referring to the same authors, a small amount of water could reduce the viscosity of NADES to the range of water and increase the conductivity by up to 100 times for some NADES.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. (2015) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Synthetic ionic liquids are non-flammable, non-volatile, and easy to recycle at room temperature, but are made from petroleum, which affects their safety and suitability for food applications.

    “Synthetic Ionic liquids have been developed in the past decades, which have the advantage that at room temperature are non-flammable, non-volatile, and easy recyclable, but they are made from petroleum which affects their safety and suitability for food applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Castro et al. (2018) obtained a transparent viscous liquid at room temperature using a 1:30 trehalose:glycerol molar ratio; other selected molar ratios yielded a white solid mixture and/or liquid mixture with some crystals and were discarded.

    “After mixing Gly and Treh in different molar ratios in order to obtain a eutectic mixture, they managed to obtain a transparent viscous liquid at room temperature using a molar ratio of 1:30 (Treh:Gly).The other selected molar ratios yielded a white solid mixture and/or liquid mixture with some crystals and were thus discarded.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Castro et al. (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NADES have been suggested as alternatives to traditional volatile organic solvents in chemical processes such as carbon dioxide capture, biodiesel production, lignocellulose processing, electrolytes, biocatalysis, electrochemical detection, biodegradable reaction media, super absorbents, and soil washing.

    “Therefore, in recent years they have been suggested as an alternative to traditional volatile organic solvents in chemical processes and applications such as: solvents for carbon dioxide capture (García et al. 2015;Mulia et al. 2016b), solvents for biodiesel production and processing lignocellulose (Tang et al. 2017;Taslim et al. 2016), as electrolytes (Gomez, Spisso, and Silva 2017), in biocataly”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites García et al. 2015 source
    • cites Mulia et al. 2016b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Tang et al. 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Majority of reported NADES are hydrophilic or highly hydrophilic; their polarity range varied from 44.81 kcal/mol (higher than water) to 51.89 kcal/mol (comparable to methanol), and can be modified by changing the amount of water.

    “Majority of reported NADES are hydrophilic or highly hydrophilic in which, referring to Dai et al. (2013b), the polarity range varied from 44.81 kcal mol -1 (higher than water) to 51.89 kcal mol -1 (comparable to methanol), with the possibility to be modified through changing the amount of water present in the solvent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. (2013b)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because NADES are generally composed of non-toxic substances occurring naturally in foods, they may be directly incorporated into food formulations without additional purification, which is a major advantage over conventional solvents.

    “since the NADES are generally composed of non-toxic substances occurring naturally in foods, they may be directly incorporated in food formulations without additional purification steps, being a major advantage over conventional solvents (Savi et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Savi et al. 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Comparing density and viscosity of cholinium chloride:glutaric acid liquids obtained by both methodologies, viscosity showed a marked difference with an average deviation of 6.25%, while density differed with an average absolute deviation of 0.15%.

    “A marked difference was found in viscosity with an average deviation of 6.25% whereas in the case of density, the difference was smaller with an average absolute deviation of 0.15%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Florindo et al. (2014) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both sugar and polyalcohol based NADES are the least polar, with polarity close to methanol (51.89 kcal/mol).

    “Both sugar and polyalcohol based NADES are the least polar, with a polarity close to that of MeOH (51.89 kcal mol -1 ).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. (2013b)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among hydrophilic NADES, organic acid based are the most polar (44.81 kcal/mol), followed by amino acids and pure sugar based NADES with polarity similar to water (48.21 kcal/mol).

    “Among the hydrophilic NADES, organic acid based are the most polar (44.81 kcal mol -1 ), followed by amino acids and pure sugar based NADES with a polarity similar to water (48.21 kcal mol -1 ).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. (2013b)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The presence of water lowers the melting point of some NADES and changes their physicochemical and solvation properties.

    “The presence of water lowers the melting point of some NADES and changes their physicochemical (viscosity, polarity, density and conductivity) and solvation properties (Aroso et al. 2017;Cardellini et al. 2014;Craveiro et al. 2016;Dai et al. 2013bDai et al. , 2015;;Xin et al. 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Aroso et al. 2017 source
    • cites Cardellini et al. 2014 source
    • cites Craveiro et al. 2016 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Sustainability initiatives require efficient exploitation of food waste and by-products as a bioresource for energy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, and other high value-added products.

    “the sustainability initiatives demand significant efforts to efficiently exploit food waste and by-products as a bioresource for our next generation of energy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods and other high value-added products (European Parliament resolution, (2011/2175(INI)).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites European Parliament resolution, (2011/2175(INI))

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Supercritical carbon dioxide is more suitable for lipophilic compounds, so its use is limited to defatting or decaffeinating foods.

    “Carbon dioxide as a supercritical fluid is more suitable for lipophilic compounds, so its utilization is limited to defat or decaffeinate foods (Cvjetko Bubalo et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cvjetko Bubalo et al. 2015 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The presence of water participates in hydrogen bonding and significantly affects arrangement of NADES molecules, enhancing their mobility while retaining their unique features.

    “The presence of certain amounts of water, which also participate in hydrogen bonding, significantly affects arrangement of NADES molecules in this liquid crystal by enhancing their mobility while still retaining their unique features (Dai et al. 2013b(Dai et al. , 2015)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. 2013b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Dai et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    By analyzing pairwise interactions of the choline chloride-urea mixture, Ashworth et al. (2016) found that interaction of the choline cation with chloride or urea generated a wide range of low energy structures.

    “By analyzing the pairwise interactions of the constituent components of the choline chloride-urea mixture, Ashworth et al. (2016) found that interaction of the choline cation with chloride or urea generated a wide range of low energy structures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ashworth et al. (2016) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The number of compounds and arrangements of molecules that may constitute NADES is estimated to reach 10^6, so they are designated as tailored-made solvents due to high versatility and virtually unlimited combinations.

    “The number of compounds and arrangements of molecules which may constitute NADES is estimated to ascend to 10 6 , so they are designated as tailored-made solvents due to their high versatility and virtually unlimited number of combinations (Silva et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Silva et al. 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Water activity is a quality and safety parameter relevant for most food processing and storage applications as it determines microbial growth and chemical, enzymatic, and physical degradation reactions.

    “Water activity (a w ) is a quality and safety parameter relevant for most applications related to food processing and storage as it is a determinant for the growth of microorganisms as well as degradation reactions of a chemical, enzymatic, and physical nature (Renshaw et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Renshaw et al. 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hydrophilic NADES usually exhibit high solubilization capacity for polar metabolites due to their inherent high polarity, but they could be applied to some non-water-soluble metabolites.

    “Hydrophilic NADES usually exhibit high solubilization capacity for polar metabolites due to their inherent high polarity, but they could be applied to some non-water-soluble metabolites (Dai et al. 2013b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. 2013b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Differences in reduction power activity were only plant dependent, while antiradical activity of NADES extracts (four out of five plants) was higher than those obtained with conventional solvents.

    “Differences in the reduction power activity was only plant depended; while antiradical activity of NADES extracts (four out of 5 plants) were higher than those obtained with conventional solvents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bakirtzi, Triantafyllidou, and Makris (2016) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Van Osch et al. (2019) suggested four criteria to assess sustainability of hydrophobic NADES: viscosity smaller than 100 mPa·s, density difference between NADES and water of at least 50 kg/m3 upon mixing, low transfer of NADES to water phase, and minor to no pH change.

    “Van Osch et al. (2019) suggested four criteria to assess the sustainability of hydrophobic NADES from a chemical engineering point of view: a viscosity smaller than 100 mPa•s, a density difference between NADES and water of at least 50 kg•m -3 upon mixing of the NADES and water, low transfer of the NADES to the water phase and minor to no pH change.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van Osch et al. (2019) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NADES appeared to be stable liquids over a broad temperature range, with decomposition temperature reported from 117°C to over 200°C, and sugar-derived ones exhibited the lowest thermal stability.

    “Regarding the NADES behavior at the elevated temperatures, they appeared to be stable liquids over a broad temperature range, while their decomposition temperature was reported to be in a range from 117°C to over 200°C (Aroso et al., 2017;Craveiro et al., 2016;Dai et al., 2013c), where sugar-derived ones exhibited the lowest thermal stability (Dai et al., 2013b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Aroso et al., 2017 source
    • cites Craveiro et al., 2016 source
    • cites Dai et al., 2013c

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Majority of tested DES or NADES were able to improve production yields of vanillin from isoeugenol, with the best yield obtained using choline chloride-lactose and choline chloride-raffinose NADES (132% and 131% relative to NADES-free solution).

    “A majority of tested DES or NADES were able to improve the production yields, with the best yield obtained by using a choline chloride-lactose and choline chloride-raffinose NADES (132% and 131% relative to the yield obtained in the NADES-free solution, respectively) (Yang et al. 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yang et al. 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Kumar, Parikh & Pravakar (2016) evaluated delignification of rice straw using lactic acid and choline chloride mixtures, and solubilized 57% (w/v) of biomass bound lignin from rice straw using 1:5 M ratio of NADES reagent.

    “Kumar, Parikh & Pravakar (2016) evaluated the delignification of rice straw using lactic acid and choline chloride mixtures, and managed to solubilize 57% (w/v) of the biomass bound lignin from rice straw using 1:5 M ratio of NADES reagent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kumar, Parikh & Pravakar (2016) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Four of five NADES extracts had higher cytotoxic potential against cancer cells than conventional methanol extract, with ChCl:malic acid (1:1) showing the highest inhibition.

    “They demonstrated that four out of five NADES extracts exhibited higher cytotoxic potential against the cancer cells than the conventional methanol extract, with the ChCl:malic acid (1:1) extract exhibiting the highest inhibition (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Radošević et al. (2016a)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nam et al. (2015) demonstrated that certain NADES components such as L-proline contributed to overall antioxidant activity of extracts, implying a synergic effect of the solvent and natural compound dissolved in it.

    “Moreover, Nam et al. (2015) demonstrated that certain NADES components (e.g.L-proline) contributed to the overall antioxidant activity of extracts, implying the existence of a synergic effect of the solvent and natural compound dissolved in it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nam et al. (2015) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Formulation of antioxidants in NADES can greatly improve their ROS inhibition activity, probably by enhancing transport through fibroblast membranes.

    “The best positive effects of the NADES formulation were obtained with the antioxidants that exhibited a lower ROS inhibiting effect at short term, so they concluded that the formulation of antioxidants in NADES could greatly improve their activity for ROS inhibition, probably by enhancing their transport through membranes of the fibroblasts used in the bioassay.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Durand et al. (2017a)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The improved bioavailability of rutin with NADES may be because the formulation administers rutin as a solution that is more available for gastrointestinal absorption.

    “This effect may be related to the fact that the NADES formulation allows the administration of rutin as a solution being more available for the absorption by the gastrointestinal tract.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NADES with highest solubility were not necessarily the best extraction solvents for vanillin; plant matrix effects seem to play a role in extraction yields.

    “It appeared that the NADES with highest solubility were not necessarily the best extraction solvents for vanillin.Plant matrix effects seem to play a role in the extraction yields.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites González et al. (2017)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Altamash et al. (2018) found that NADES prepared with malic acid had high viscosity and behaved as semi-solid material at room temperature, while those prepared with lactic acid were liquid with lower viscosity.

    “Altamash et al. (2018)found that NADES prepared with malic acid were characterized with high viscosity and behaved as semi-solid material at room temperature, while those prepared with lactic acid were liquid exhibiting lower viscosity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Altamash et al. (2018) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Most reported NADES in the literature are hydrophilic.

    “Most of reported NADES in literature are hydrophilic, but these hydrophobic examples offer highly interesting opportunities for future research on recovery of bio-based chemicals from dilute aqueous streams.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Betaine monohydrate-glycerol NADES at 1:8 molar ratio extracted palmitic acid with 34.14% efficiency and preserved up to 99% of antioxidants in refined palm oil.

    “The betaine monohydrate-glycerol NADES in a molar ratio of 1:8 was demonstrated to have an efficiency of palmitic acid extraction of 34.14%, and the amount of antioxidants can be preserved in the refined palm oil up to 99%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zahrina et al. 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hydrophobic eutectic solvents can be prepared from mixtures of DL-menthol with a range of carboxylic acids and used as extractive solvents for caffeine, tryptophan, isophthalic acid, and vanillin from water.

    “Ribeiro et al. (2015) reported that hydrophobic eutectic solvents can be prepared from mixtures of DL-menthol with a range of carboxylic acids and used as extractive solvents for caffeine, tryptophan, isophthalic acid, and vanillin from water.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ribeiro et al. (2015) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The administration route of these highly viscous NADES and the possible hepatotoxicity attributed to their viscosity remain unclear.

    “However, the way of administration of these very viscous NADES remain unclear, as well as the observed possible hepatotoxicity that could be attributed to their viscosity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    NADES have a stabilizing effect on biologically active compounds, favoring their use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.

    “NADES exhibit stabilizing effect on biological active compounds, which favors their application in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with organic solvents, tocols concentration in the NADES-mediated product increased 2.5-fold and the tocols profile improved by increasing the tocotrienols fraction from 80.8% to 99.8%.

    “Compared with organic solvents, tocols concentration in the NADESmediated product increased 2.5 fold and the tocols profile was significantly improved by enhancing tocotrienols fraction in the products from 80.8 to 99.8%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ng et al. (2015)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Heat is not always favorable, especially for extracting thermosensitive compounds or when long extraction time is applied.

    “However, heat is not always favorable, especially when thermo sensitive compounds are extracted or a long extraction time is applied.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Heat reduces solvent viscosity, enabling solvent penetration and resulting in increased extraction yield.

    “The heat reduces solvent viscosity, so that solvent penetration is enabled, resulting in increased extraction yield.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The molar ratio of NADES components has a significant effect on some but not all investigated NADES.

    “Regarding molar ratio, it seems that molar ratio had the significant effect to certain extent, but not for all investigated NADES.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both UAE and MAE provide shorter extraction time, increased yields, and often improved extract quality.

    “Both UAE and MAE provide shorter extraction time, increased yields, and often improved quality of the extract (Cui et al. 2015;Lores et al. 2017;Wei et al. 2015a;2015b), thus they are categorized under 'Green Extraction' techniques.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cui et al. 2015 source
    • cites Lores et al. 2017 source
    • cites Wei et al. 2015a;2015b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Mechanochemical extraction may be recognized as a novel technique providing shorter extraction time, simple manipulation, and increased yields of high-quality extracts.

    “Therefore, mechanochemical extraction may be recognized as a novel technique, providing shorter extraction time, simple manipulation and increased yields of high quality extracts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In MAE, microwave energy is converted to heat by ionic conduction and dipole rotation in both solvent and sample, which can improve availability of active compounds by interrupting their binding to the plant matrix.

    “In MAE, microwave energy is transformed into heat by ionic conduction and dipole rotation mechanisms, in both the solvent and the sample, which can improve the availability of active compounds by interrupting the binding of active compounds to the plant matrix (Destandau, Michel, and Elfakir 2013;Peng et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Destandau, Michel, and Elfakir 2013 source
    • cites Peng et al. 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Using a ball mill for cell disruption can increase contact between cell matrix and viscous NADES, increasing extraction yield and preventing heat-induced decomposition.

    “To prevent heat-induced decomposition of the isolated compounds, Wang et al. (2016) suggested the utilization of a ball mill for cell disruption to increase the contact between the cell matrix and the viscous NADES resulting in the increase of the extraction yield.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wang et al. (2016) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In aqueous solutions, NADES hydrogen bonds are disrupted, leading to differential partition of the HBA and HBD between the two phases.

    “Referring to Farias et al. (2017) who tested the liquid-liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems composed by NADES + K 2 HPO 4 + water at 298.15 K, the hydrogen bonds of NADES are disrupted in aqueous solutions, leading to a differential partition of the HBA and HBD between the two phases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Farias et al. (2017) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In UAE, acoustic cavitation disrupts plant cell walls, increases contact surface, and improves solvent penetration, enhancing mass transport and extraction of active compounds.

    “The main driving force in UAE, acoustic cavitation causes disruption of plant cell walls, increase in contact surface, and better penetration of solvent which enhances the mass transport and extraction of active compounds (Tiwari 2015;Tomšik et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Tiwari 2015 source
    • cites Tomšik et al. 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Challenges in developing sustainable analytical methodologies and applying new green solvents include deficient sensitivity, inadequate accuracy and precision, increased implementation costs, and commercial availability and price of solvents.

    “Nevertheless, there are several challenges in the development of sustainable analytical methodologies and the application of new green solvents, such as deficient sensitivity, inadequate accuracy and precision, increased implementation costs, as well as commercial availability of solvents and their price.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Recovery and repeatability were within the required specifications set by the current European Commission regulation.

    “Recovery and repeatability proved to be within the required specifications set by the current European Commission regulation(No.1881(No. /2006)).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because NADES are nonvolatile, there is still a limited number of techniques to concentrate and isolate bioactive compounds or food components from NADES.

    “Since NADES are nonvolatile, there is still a limited number of techniques to concentrate and isolate bioactive compounds or food components from NADES.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: NADES are nonvolatile.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Susceptibility of the applied cell lines varied significantly, with AGS cells being the most susceptible to NADES cytotoxicity and HelaS3 the least.

    “Moreover, susceptibility of applied cell lines varied significantly, with AGS cells being the most susceptible to NADES cytotoxicity, whilst HelaS3 the least.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dai et al. (2015) confirmed that dilution of NADES with water weakens their interactions, which completely disappeared at 50% v/v dilution.

    “Dai et al. (2015) confirmed that dilution of NADES with water weaken their interactions, which completely disappeared upon NADES dilution of 50% v/v.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dai et al. (2015) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    NADES dilution had a significant impact on the observed biodegradation ratio and may partially explain differences in observed biodegradability.

    “Consequently, NADES dilution had the significant impact on the observed ratio of biodegradation that could partially explain the differences in observed biodegradability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: A non-diluted NADES degrades very slowly, but adding sufficient water before disposal makes biodegradation after dilution easy.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    So far, only preliminary toxicological information has been reported for predominantly choline NADES, probably because choline is the only constituent for which a maximum safe daily dose has been reported.

    “So far, only preliminary information on toxicological profiles of predominantly choline NADES have been reported, probably as this compound is the only for which a maximum safe daily dose has been reported.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The examined NADES are mainly considered low-toxicity and readily biodegradable solvents.

    “Taking all above mentioned facts into account, the examined NADES are mainly considered as low toxic and readily biodegradable solvents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    NADES extraction is frequently combined with microwave- and ultrasound-assisted techniques, which reduce energy and time and enhance extraction yields.

    “NADES extraction is frequently combined with microwave-and ultrasound-assisted techniques, innovative extraction technologies in terms of reduction energy and required time, as well as in terms of enhancing extraction yields.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Investigation of NADES as extraction solvents for phytochemicals and other food components has been expanding rapidly.

    “Over the last few years, the investigation of NADES utilization as extraction solvents for phytochemicals and other food components has been expanding rapidly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Although NADES are frequently used as solvents in food research at laboratory scale, their scale-up application in industry is hardly explored.

    “Although NADES are frequently used as solvents in food research at lab scale, NADES scale-up application in industry is hardly explored.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: NADES are frequently used as solvents in food research at laboratory scale.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    The examined NADES increased membrane permeability and elevated oxidative stress in the applied cells after 24 h of exposure, but to a lesser extent than DES.

    “Authors also observed that examined NADES increased membrane permeability and elevated oxidative stress in applied cells after 24 h of exposure, but to a lesser extent in comparison to DES.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    NADES are green alternatives to conventional organic solvents, with unique physicochemical properties that allow solvents to be designed for specific purposes.

    “They present the green alternatives to conventional organic solvents, with unique physicochemical properties that offer possibility to design the solvents for specific purposes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gavage of this extract caused mortality in two of six rats, dietary restriction, excessive water consumption, weight loss, adipose tissue loss, hepatomegaly, plasma oxidative stress, and increased blood lipid levels.

    “The gavage of this extract induced mortality in two rats out of six, dietary restriction, excessive water consumption, weight loss, adipose tissue loss, hepatomegaly, plasma oxidative stress, and increased blood lipid levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Benlebna et al. (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    NADES exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward the noncancer WRL-68 cell line, with EC50 values of 112 and 185 mM for ChCl:fructose and ChCl:glucose, respectively, indicating a potential toxic effect on healthy cells.

    “Interestingly, NADES exhibited significant cytotoxicity towards applied noncancer cell line, such as human hepatocity cell line (WRL-68) (EC 50 =112 and 185 mM, for ChCl:fructose and ChCl:glucose, respectively) indicating potential toxic effect on health cells.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    NADES have several advantages over organic solvents, including enhanced biological activity of bioactive compounds and higher stability of those compounds in NADES under different storage conditions.

    “Apart from that, NADES showed several advantages over the organic solvents, such as enhanced biological activity of bioactive compounds and their higher stability in NADES solvents under different storage conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
77 of 77

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Major industries and scientific organizations are still reluctant to fully embrace the NADES concept.

    “However, in spite of these findings, major industries and scientific organizations are still reluctant to fully embrace NADES concept.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Purity assessment of obtained NADES is often missing because preparation is simple.

    “Due to the simplicity of preparation, purity assessment of the obtained NADES is often missing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Data comparing the efficiency and impact of different synthetic methodologies on physicochemical properties are still scarce.

    “Furthermore, data on comparison on the efficiency and the impact of different synthetic methodologies on the physico-chemical properties are still scarce.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no consensus in the literature about the shear flow behavior of NADES.

    “In the literature there is no consensus about shear flow behavior of NADES.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most research attention has been paid to shear flow behavior, while viscoelastic properties of NADES remain less characterized.

    “So far, the most of research attention has been paid to the thermo-physical rheological characterization of NADES in terms of the shear flow behavior, whereas the NADES remained less characterized in terms of their viscoelastic properties.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Water is a poor solvent for most organic compounds, can cause chemical degradation, and has a polarity limitation, so most organic bioactive compounds are not extracted well.

    “Although nontoxic, abundant and inexpensive, water is a poor solvent for most organic compounds, but rather reactive to cause a chemical degradation and has a limitation of polarity, which is why the most of organic bioactive compounds are not extracted very well.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The molar ratio and water content of NADES are associated with their viscosity.

    “Both factors, the molar ratio and water content, are associated with NADES viscosity”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A non-diluted NADES degrades very slowly, but adding sufficient water before disposal makes biodegradation after dilution easy.

    “A non-diluted NADES will degrade very slowly, but if sufficient amount of water is added to NADES prior to their disposal, the biodegradation after the dilution goes easily.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    NADES are nonvolatile.

    “Since NADES are nonvolatile”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    NADES are frequently used as solvents in food research at laboratory scale.

    “Although NADES are frequently used as solvents in food research at lab scale”
10 of 10

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Rutin formulation differs from the cited study title

    Minor

    The text identifies the solvent used in Faggian et al. (2016) as proline and glutamic acid, whereas the paper's reference title identifies it as proline and glycine.

  • Palm-oil solvent differs between the text and solvent list

    Minor

    The text says Ng et al. (2015) used choline chloride with malic acid to extract palm-oil tocols. The paper's solvent list for that study instead names acetic, malonic, and citric acids, but not malic acid.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Cicci A., 2017, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 57, 61
  2. European Commission. 2006. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs. Official Journal of European Union 364:5–24 and Successive Amendments. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006R1881.
  3. European Parliament resolution (2011/2175(INI)). 2012. European Parliament resolution of 19 January 2012 on how to avoid food wastage: Strategies for a more efficient food chain in the EU (2011/2175(INI)). Official Journal of European Union 227:25–32. https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b2a48b16-fe76-11e2-a352-01aa75ed71a1.
  4. Mulia K., 2016, The International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering
  5. Mulia K., 2016, The International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering
  6. Taslim I. L., 2016, The International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering
  7. van den Bruinhorst A., 2016, Natural Products Chemistry and Research, 4, 1
  8. Yan Y. C., 2017, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 12, 1

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Mišan, A., Nađpal, J., Stupar, A., Pojić, M., Mandić, A., Verpoorte, R., & Choi, Y. H.
Affiliations
  • University of Novi Sad (RS)
  • Leiden University (NL)
Corresponding author
Pojić, Milica
ORCID
Venue
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-08-13
Volume
60
Issue
15
Pages
2564-2592
ISSN
  • 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
  • 1549-7852
DOI
10.1080/10408398.2019.1650717
OpenAlex
W2969209526
Cited by
316
References
138
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 1
FWCI
1.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
  • Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (TR31029)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Chemical and Physical Properties in Aqueous Solutions
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
Keywords
natural deep eutectic solvents, green chemistry, agri-food applications, food extraction, physicochemical properties, biodegradability, toxicity, industrial scale-up
MeSH terms
Biological Products, Humans, Solvents, Food Industry, Green Chemistry Technology

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-30.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-30.

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