Understanding the socio-technical nexus of Nordic electric vehicle (EV) barriers: A qualitative discussion of range, price, charging and knowledge

May combine two claims.

Nordic nations have traditionally been positioned at the top of various indicators in favor of EV diffusion, such as being able to afford EVs and pushing aggressive decarbonization agendas within the energy and transport sectors.

“The research is placed in a Nordic context as these nations have traditionally been positioned at the top various indicators in favor of EV diffusion (for example, that they can afford EVs, often considered an expensive technology), as well as being recognized for pushing aggressive decarbonization agendas within the energy and transport sectors”

• cites Sovacool, 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes the Nordic countries as wealthy and their energy and climate policies as highly ambitious; §3.3, Transport, describes substantial transport-electrification goals (page numbers not supplied). But the paper does not rank the countries on indicators favoring EV diffusion or establish that consumers can afford EVs. Section 4.2 instead notes relatively slow EV diffusion across the region. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Much of the current literature looks to explain the barriers that individual consumers encounter when purchasing EVs, either using qualitative methods or choice experiments.

“As such, much of the current literature looks to explain the barriers that individual consumers encounter when purchasing EVs, either using qualitative methods (Egbue and Long, 2012;Schuitema et al., 2013;Franke and Krems, 2013), or also commonly, choice experiments to analyze willingness-to-pay for electric vehicles (Jensen et al., 2013;Noel et al., 2019;Hidrue et al., 2011).”

• cites Egbue and Long, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schuitema et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (p. 4) says the paper examines how private consumers’ perceptions of EV attributes influence adoption, which supports the consumer-barriers aspect of the claim. But Schuitema et al. is cited specifically as an example of qualitative methods, whereas the Method (pp. 12–13) describes a two-wave online survey of 2,728 participants. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Franke and Krems, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For many experts, range was not actually a technical barrier but rather a knowledge and experience barrier.

“First, for many experts, range was not actually a technical barrier, but rather was a knowledge and experience barrier, given that EVs could suffice the vast majority of the average trips an average resident in the Nordic countries would take (Liu et al., 2015).”

• cites Liu et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.1 (page not provided) reports that average daily driving is under 50 km in all four Nordic countries and can be supported by current EV technology. It also finds that most vehicles travel short daily distances. The paper does not attribute range concerns to a lack of knowledge or experience, or report experts' views on that barrier. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The complexity of the nexus of sociotechnical barriers requires a more comprehensive approach of combining policy processes, elements and characteristics to develop a consistent and coherent EV policy mix.

“The complexity of the nexus of sociotechnical barriers discussed above arguably requires a more comprehensive approach of combining policy processes, elements and characteristics to develop a consistent and coherent EV policy mix (Grubb et al., 2017;Rogge and Reichardt, 2016).”

• cites Grubb et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  In “2. Context and links to existing literature” (page unavailable), Grubb et al. describe policy elements, processes and characteristics, including consistency and coherence. “A map for the evolution of policy packages” explains why complex barriers call for policy mixes that address multiple obstacles. The paper supports the general approach, but does not specifically establish what an EV policy mix requires. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Rogge and Reichardt, 2016 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

EVs could suffice the vast majority of the average trips an average resident in the Nordic countries would take.

“First, for many experts, range was not actually a technical barrier, but rather was a knowledge and experience barrier, given that EVs could suffice the vast majority of the average trips an average resident in the Nordic countries would take (Liu et al., 2015).”

• cites Liu et al., 2015 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Consumers focus on capital cost of vehicles rather than total cost of ownership calculations, which favors ICEVs despite not being the least-costly option in the medium to long term.

“And for price, it is clear that consumers focus on capital cost of vehicles rather than on the total cost of ownership calculations, which favors ICEVs despite not being the least-costly option in the medium to long term.”

• cites Allcott and Wozny, 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Conclusion (page numbers unavailable) report that, under the paper’s base assumptions, consumers value $1 in discounted future gasoline costs at only 76 cents in vehicle purchase price. That supports the claim that purchase price receives greater weight than future fuel costs, though the paper notes uncertainty in the estimate. It does not compare ICEVs with electric vehicles or establish which is least costly over the medium to long term. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Hausman, 1979 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some experts expected a range of 300 kilometers to be enough.

“Some estimates of range were tamer, with experts expecting a range of 300 kilometers to be enough”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In non-private transportation, range was characterized not as a seldom problem, but rather as a preeminent one, as for heavy transportation.

“On the other hand, in terms of non-private transportation, range was characterized not as a seldom problem, but rather a preeminent one, as R62 notes for heavy transportation”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

R186 cautioned that continuing the fight to extend range was neverending and inefficient due to extra battery weight, and that focus should be on adjusting expectations.

“Nonetheless, R186 cautioned that continuing the fight to extend range was not only neverending, but also inefficient (as you would be carrying around extra battery weight), instead the focus should be on adjusting expectations”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Experts saw the long distance of the Nordics, in terms of geographical dimensions and sparsely populated areas, to be one of the greatest challenges for transportation in general.

“This issue is exacerbated by the fact that experts saw the long distance of the Nordics, in terms of geographical dimensions and sparsely populated areas, to be one the greatest challenges for transportation in general.”

May combine two claims.

Estimates of the necessary increases to the range of EVs were diverse and appeared to be connected only to comparisons to ICEVs.

“However, the estimate of the necessary increases to the range of EVs were diverse, and appeared to be connected only to comparisons to ICEVs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

R70 believed both range and price barriers would be resolved by 2020 as more OEMs transition to electric vehicles.

“Similarly, R70 believed that both the range and price barriers will be resolved by 2020 as more OEMs transition to electric vehicles”

May combine two claims.

The nexus of four barriers represents both the most discussed barriers and the most interconnected barriers.

“This nexus of four barriers is important because it represents both the most discussed barriers (as shown by the size of the circle), and also the most interconnected barriers (as shown by the connecting lines)”

May combine two claims.

Of those, 12% said range would no longer be a barrier in the near future, compared to 6% saying it is already not a barrier.

“The vast majority of these experts, however, viewed range not being a barrier soon, with 12% of experts saying it would no longer be a barrier in the near future, compared to 6% of experts saying it is already not a barrier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For private transport, the focus was on extending the range of EVs to mirror ICEVs.

“However, for private transport, the fight seemed to be on focusing extending the range of EVs to mirror ICEVS.”

May combine two claims.

Range was the barrier described by the most experts as not a barrier, with 18% of experts explicitly saying it was either not or soon will not be a barrier.

“Further complicating matters, range was also the barrier that was described by the most experts as not a barrier, as 18% of experts explicitly saying it was either not or soon will not be a barrier.”

May combine two claims.

There is relative consistency throughout the top ten barriers across the five Nordic countries, with three notable exceptions.

“Though there is relative consistency throughout these barriers, there are three notable exceptions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Swedish experts believed apartment charging to be the next big and so far unresolved challenge, with a large proportion of Swedes living in apartment buildings.

“Regarding apartment charging, Swedish experts believed this to be the next big and so far unresolved challenge, with a large proportion of Swedes living in apartment buildings (see Section 3.5).”

May combine two claims.

Those with a transport background discussed consumer knowledge barriers the most, while those with an energy, environment and funding background discussed consumer knowledge the least.

“More interestingly, those with a transport background (transport system experts/EV industry) discussed consumer knowledge barriers the most, while those with an energy, environment and funding background discussed consumer knowledge the least.”

May combine two claims.

Experts within the environmental/climate change field and the energy/electricity system field both discussed price more commonly than range.

“For example, experts within the environmental/climate change field and the energy/electricity system field both discussed price more commonly than range.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The majority of experts believed that the requisite range was substantially higher, somewhere between 400 and 600 kilometers.

“However, the majority of experts believed that the requisite range was substantially higher, somewhere between 400 and 600 kilometers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

R63 suggested renting an ICEV for seldom trips as a solution to range limitations.

“R63 offered another, easy but potentially unpopular solution to this challenge, that is, to rent an ICEV for these seldom trips”

May combine two claims.

Barriers are highly interconnected and are commonly connected to consumer knowledge and experience.

“At the same time, results also show that barriers are highly interconnected and are commonly connected to consumer knowledge and experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some experts viewed PHEVs as the solution to range anxiety, even if only to cover those few additional trips EVs would not be able to make.

“As a result, some viewed PHEVs as the solution to range anxiety, even if only to cover those few additional trips EVs would not be able to make.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Many experts recognized that range only rarely posed a challenge, particularly for short daily commuting, but many still maintained it was the central challenge.

“While many experts recognized that range of EVs only rarely posed a challenge, particularly given the short distances of daily commuting, many still maintained that this was the central challenge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many experts expected the range barrier to continue until EV ranges could compete to various levels of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs).

“Moreover, many experts expected this barrier to continue until EV ranges could compete to various levels of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs).”

May combine two claims.

Vehicle Researchers did not discuss lack of consumer incentives at all, whereas this was a pressing concern for Transport experts/City planners as well as those within the EV/EVSE industry.

“Similarly, Vehicle Researchers did not discuss lack of consumer incentives at all, whereas this was a pressing concern for Transport experts/City planners as well as those within the EV/EVSE industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

R28 believed the range issue would be resolved within two years.

“For example, R28 believed the range issue would be resolved within two years”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The paper discusses a total of 53 barriers.

“Fourthly, this paper offers a first to attempt to characterize a comprehensive perspective of EV barriers, and discusses a total of 53 barriers”

May combine two claims.

Most experts saying public charging is not a barrier were split into two categories: current public infrastructure was sufficient, or public charging was not necessary and was a mental barrier due to lack of knowledge or experience.

“Most of the experts saying public charging is not a barrier were generally split into two categories; either the current amount of public infrastructure was sufficient, or that public charging was not necessary and was instead a type of mental barrier due to lack of knowledge or experience (Smart and Salisbury, 2015).”

• cites Smart and Salisbury, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some experts believed that because consumers were generally distrustful of EVs, consumers would not even believe the idea that the total cost of ownership of EVs is lower.

“Exacerbating this issue, some experts believed that because consumers were generally distrustful of EVs, consumer would not even believe the idea that the TCO of EVs is lower (much less discount properly), as R32 describes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many experts believed that resolving apartment charging would be very difficult as it relies on other stakeholders.

“Many experts believed that resolving apartment charging would be very difficult as it relies on other stakeholders, as R35 notes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other experts believed that price was not very influential on consumer behavior.

“On the other hand, while experts noted various issues with consumer awareness and the economics of EVs, other experts believed that price was not very influential on consumer behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nearly all discussion of consumer knowledge and experience focused on the three technical aspects of the nexus.

“Nearly all of the discussion of consumer knowledge and experience focused on the three technical aforementioned aspects of the nexus.”

May combine two claims.

12% of experts characterized public charging as not a barrier, and over 80% of those classified public charging as already not a barrier.

“As shown in Fig. 3, 12% of experts characterize public charging as not a barrier, and over 80% of those classified public charging as already not a barrier, meaning that it did not need time to for the barrier to be assuaged.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Many experts acknowledged that even if EVs have a better total cost of ownership than ICEVs, this would not resonate with how consumers acted.

“Many experts acknowledged that even if EVs do have a better TCO than ICEVs, this simply would not resonate with the manner in which consumers acted.”

May combine two claims.

9 experts believed there were no explicit barriers to EVs, and an additional 10 believed the only barrier was time.

“It is worth to note that, curiously, 9 experts believed that there were no explicit barriers to EVs, and an additional 10 believed that the only barrier was time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The remaining 5 experts discussing lack of political will were from Iceland, Sweden and Norway.

“The remaining 5 experts were from Iceland, Sweden and Norway.”

May combine two claims.

Public charging infrastructure was the third aspect of the nexus and the third most commonly discussed barrier.

“The third aspect of the nexus and third most commonly discussed barrier was the need for public charging infrastructure.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The frequency with which experts discuss a barrier indicates that barrier's prominence or importance in the Nordic EV transition.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Many experts viewed developing a comprehensive charging network as very expensive.

“many experts viewed developing a comprehensive charging network as very expensive”

May combine two claims.

Less than 15% of experts discussed apartment charging in the context of EV range, making it far less connected to the nexus than most other barriers.

“Similarly, less than 15% of experts discussed apartment charging in the context of EV's range, making it far less connected to the nexus than most other barriers.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The idea that price and range was a tradeoff between each other was common among experts.

“The idea that price and range was a tradeoff between each other was common.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Sweden, fifty percent of people live in apartment buildings.

“in Sweden, it's fifty percent of people live in apartment buildings”

May combine two claims.

Consumer knowledge and experience was the next most discussed barrier and completed the proposed nexus.

“To round out the top four most common barriers and complete the proposed nexus, the next most discussed barrier focused on the consumer: either their lack of knowledge or experience, or other mental barriers.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The frequency with which experts discuss a barrier indicates that barrier's prominence or importance in the Nordic EV transition.

May combine two claims.

Although total cost of ownership was widely recognized as a potential benefit, many experts connected the economic aspects of EVs to a type of mental barrier.

“Although TCO was widely recognized as a potential benefit, many experts connected the economic aspects of EVs to a type of mental barrier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The idea that EVs could meet over 90% of daily driving demands was often brought up by experts when discussing the connection between range and mental barrier aspects of the nexus.

“The idea that EVs could meet over 90% of daily driving demands was often brought up by experts when discussing the connection between range and mental barrier aspects of the nexus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some experts believed that range was not a barrier because EVs were technically sufficient for the wide margin of trips.

“However, some of the experts believed that there was no barrier, due to the technical sufficiency of EVs to make the wide margin of trips.”

May combine two claims.

Even though many other countries viewed Norway as having resolved the price barrier through incentives, 11 experts in Norway still maintained price was the primary barrier facing the EV transition.

“And even though many other countries viewed Norway as having resolved the price barrier through their plethora of incentives, 11 experts in Norway still maintained price was the primary barrier that the transition to EVs is facing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many experts believed that the focus should be on developing home and work charging instead of high power public charging.

“As a result, many experts believed that the focus should be on developing home and work charging instead of high power public charging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

R98 believed a reduction of consumers' mental barriers will likely lag behind technical improvements to the range-price-charging nexus.

“As a result, R98 believed a reduction of consumer's mental barriers will likely lag behind technical improvements to the range-price-charging nexus”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

Numerous experts agree that the technical aspects of the nexus (range-price-charging) will be resolved within a short time frame.

“while numerous experts agree that the technical aspects of the nexus (rangeprice-charging) will be resolved within a short time frame”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to R53, consumers will treat EVs and their higher price with increased skepticism because of the emotional connection to ICEVs.

“Compounding the problem, consumer's aversion to TCO is that, as R53 says, consumers will treat EVs and their higher price with increased skepticism because of the emotional connection to ICEVs”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To many experts, consumer knowledge was the primary barrier to EVs.

“To many experts, consumer knowledge was the primary barrier to EVs, as R104 who put it succinctly:”

May combine two claims.

Most experts attributed consumer ignorance to the perception that public charging infrastructure was an impediment, often connecting technical sufficiency of EV range and availability of home charging.

“In this case, most of the experts attributed consumer ignorance to the perception that public charging infrastructure was an impediment, often connecting the technical sufficiency of EV range and availability of home charging, as R29 describes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

R39 stated that 80% of EV charging is at home.

“Then, they find out that 80% of the charging is at home.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Price also affects the electrification of public transport.

“Finally, it is worth mentioning that price also affects the electrification of public transport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

R204 saw fast public charging as a way to get around apartment charging barriers.

“As an example, R204 saw fast public charging as a way to get around the barrier of apartment charging barriers”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Expert R213 described the grid challenge as not the total amount of energy EV charging requires, which was generally seen as minimal, but rather providing power through weak distribution networks.

“R213 describes that the challenge isn't the total amount of energy EV charging requires, which was generally seen as minimal, but rather providing the power through weak distribution networks”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Experts widely acknowledged that although EVs have a higher capital cost, they also represent economic savings when viewed from a total cost of ownership calculation.

“At the same time, it was widely acknowledged by experts that although EVs have a higher capital cost, they also would represent economic savings when viewed from a total cost of ownership (TCO) calculation.”

May combine two claims.

Winter weather was frequently discussed in the context of its impact on range, with half of the experts explicitly connecting winter weather to range.

“Similarly, winter weather was frequently discussed in the context of its impact on range, with half of the experts explicitly connecting winter weather to range.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Experts believed consumers would not approach the economics of car ownership via total cost of ownership; instead the price tag would dominate decision-making.

“But experts believed consumers would not approach the economics of car ownership in this manner, instead, the price tag would dominate decision-making.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many experts lamented that demand for charging was not sufficient to encourage development of more chargers, resulting in a chicken-and-egg problem.

“While a simple solution would be to merely build more chargers, many of the experts lamented that the demand for charging was not sufficient enough to encourage this development, resulting in a type of a”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One reason Denmark was particularly sufficient in public charging was that it had the remnants of Better Place.

“One reason that Denmark was particularly sufficient in its public charging was that it had the remnants of Better Place, a company that sought to resolve charging networks, as R86 observes”

May combine two claims.

The grid impact issue returned in all the Nordics but was most commonly discussed in Norway.

“Though this issue returned in all the Nordics, it was most commonly discussed in Norway.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The remaining 6 experts discussing lack of consumer incentives were split into Iceland, Sweden and Norway.

“The remaining 6 experts were split into Iceland, Sweden and Norway.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Apartment charging is not a niche problem; a large subset of the Swedish population lives in apartments.

“Worse yet, apartment charging is not a niche problem, as R69 noted that a large subset of the Swedish population is living in apartments”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

R100 stated that the vast majority of the Danish population would never exceed the range of current EVs.

“As R100 notes, the vast majority of the Danish population would never go beyond further then the range of current EVs”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The chicken-and-egg challenge is further complicated by the fact that much of EV charging will occur at home, not at public chargers.

“Finally, the chicken and egg challenge is further complicated by the fact that much of EV charging will occur at home, not at the public chargers, as R39 describes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The remaining 6 experts were split into Iceland, Sweden and Norway.

“The remaining 6 experts were split into Iceland, Sweden and Norway.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The frequency with which experts discuss a barrier indicates that barrier's prominence or importance in the Nordic EV transition.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nearly all discussion of grid impact focused on distribution networks.

“Nearly all the discussion was focused on distribution networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Apartment charging faces social resistance by way of skeptical housing authorities.

“However, apartment charging too faces social resistance by way of skeptical housing authorities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Government inaction in Finland was attributed to the powerful biofuel industry, implications that the government did not want to favor EVs over biofuels, and general EV inexperience, particularly on a city level.

“The government inaction in Finland was attributed to the powerful biofuel industry, implications that the government did not want to favor EVs over biofuels, and as well as general EV inexperience, particularly on a city level.”

May combine two claims.

Practically all discussion in Denmark focused on the complexities of the registration tax scheme and the political risk that increasing ICEV costs would entail to subsidize EVs.

“Correspondingly, practically all the discussion in Denmark focused on the complexities of the registration tax scheme, and the political risk that increasing ICEV costs would entail to subsidize EVs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

R136 discussed that apartment charging also raises questions of equity and could even lead to fights.

“R136 discussed that apartment charging also raises questions of equity and could even lead to fights”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many experts believe that experience with modern EVs is vital to educating people about the benefits that EVs can offer.

“As a result, many experts believe that experience with modern EVs is vital to educating people of the benefits that EVs can offer.”

May combine two claims.

Outside Denmark, discussion tended to focus on mental aspects of public charging networks, or that consumers mistakenly believe they needed public charging to a much greater degree than they did in actuality.

“Outside of Denmark, the discussion tended to focus on the mental aspects of public charging networks, or that consumers mistakenly believe that they needed public charging to a much greater degree than they did in actuality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

R93 pointed out that the mismatch between technical sufficiency of range and subsequent range anxiety was a result of consumer ignorance.

“As a result, R93 pointed out that this mismatch between technical sufficiency of range and subsequent range anxiety was a result of consumer ignorance”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The authors attempted to minimize shortcomings by validating findings with a secondary literature review and triangulating responses within the sample.

“We have attempted to minimize these shortcomings by validating their findings with a secondary method, that of a literature review, and by triangulating responses within the sample (i.e., not presenting only minority opinions).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Experts were only explicitly asked what is a barrier to EV deployment; statements about not a barrier or soon not a barrier were unprompted.

“Both of these were unprompted, as experts were only explicitly asked what is a barrier to EV deployment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Norway and Denmark offered the highest electric vehicle purchase subsidies.

“or Norway and Denmark offering the highest electric vehicle purchase subsidies”

• cites Hertzke et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The nonrandom sample is limited: interviews were constricted to researchers that spoke English, moderated by locations visited, and may suffer from potential selection bias.

“Admittedly, the nonrandom sample relied upon for primary data is limited in several ways.For example, interviews were constricted to researchers that spoke English, moderated by locations visited, and may suffer from potential selection bias.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A system never stands on its own but is nested in other equally complex sociotechnical systems.

“e.g. that a system never stands on its own but is nested in other equally complex sociotechnical systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

By 2016, Norway and Sweden were the first and third nations in terms of national EV market share, with 29% and 3.4% respectively.

“For example, by 2016, Norway and Sweden being the first and third nations in terms of national EV market share, with 29% and 3.4% respectively”

• cites IEA, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

System builders must overcome a complex milieu of sociotechnical obstacles to reap benefits.

“System builders, it follows, must overcome a complex milieu of sociotechnical obstacles to reap benefits.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Consumer's behavior, knowledge and perceptions play a role in EV adoption.

“there is also identification that consumer's behavior, knowledge and perceptions play a role in EV adoption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

EVs are seen as an important tool in the sociotechnical transition towards the decarbonization of transportation, along with capturing other co-benefits associated with local health emissions, reduced oil dependency and noise pollution.

“Electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as an important tool in the sociotechnical transition towards the decarbonization of transportation, along with capturing other co-benefits associated with local health emissions, reduced oil dependency and noise pollution”

• cites Egbue and Long, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The EV market surpassed the 2 million global penetration milestone in 2016.

“which has seen EV market surpassing the 2 million global penetration milestone in 2016”

• cites IEA, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The higher Swedish response rate for consumer knowledge possibly stems from the Swedish car market being heavily influenced by Volvo, low taxes on cars, making consumer knowledge and willingness to buy more important.

“Possibly it stems from the Swedish car market, which is heavily influenced by the presence of Volvo; both in relation to a consumer focus on buying Volvo and in relation to the resulting low level of taxes on cars in Sweden, which makes consumer knowledge about EVs and a willingness to buy more important (as indicated by the attention to price).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The concept of a sociotechnical system helps reveal that technologies, such as electricity grids and EVs, must be understood in their societal context, and that different values expressed by inventors, producers, managers, regulators, and consumers shape technological change.

“In other words, the concept of a sociotechnical system helps reveal that technologies, such as electricity grids and EVs, must be understood in their societal context, and that the different values expressed by inventors, producers, managers, regulators, and consumers shape technological change all in their own way.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The low Norwegian mention of price makes sense given their generous EV subsidies.

“which makes sense given their generous EV subsidies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Range is sufficient for about 85%-98% of drivers, depending on various criteria.

“as is also noted in the literature suggesting they are adept for about 85%-98% of drivers, depending on various criteria”

• cites Zhang et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Saxena et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pearre et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The term sociotechnical system finds its origin rooted in multiple disciplines and approaches.

“The term sociotechnical system finds its origin rooted in multiple disciplines and approaches.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study conducted 227 semi-structured interviews with transportation and electricity experts from 201 institutions across seventeen cities in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.

“the authors conducted 227 semi-structured interviews with transportation and electricity experts from 201 institutions across seventeen cities in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The data was coded with grounded theory in mind, meaning coded themes were not predetermined but based on the data available.

“The data was coded with grounded theory in mind, meaning that the coded themes for each discussed topic were not predetermined, but based on the data available.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Thomas Hughes argues that the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity occurs within a technological system that extends beyond the engineering realm.

“One of the best known is Thomas Hughes's work on the history of the electric utility system, wherein he argues that the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity occurs within a technological system that extends beyond the engineering realm”

• cites Thomas Parke Hughes, 1993Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants were not prompted for responses and were allowed to provide answers as long or as detailed as they wished.

“Participants were not prompted for responses and were allowed to provide answers as long or as detailed as they wished.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Semi-structured interviewing is suitable when the objective of the research is to understand complex elements and their intersection with perceptions, beliefs, and values.

“These semi-structured form of interviewing is suitable when the objective of the research is to understand complex elements and their intersection with perceptions, beliefs, and values”

• cites Yin, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The cluster analysis for Fig. 2 was based on coded similarity between coded themes across interviews, using NVIVO and Jaccard's coefficient of similarity.

“In addition to the descriptive analyses, we also utilized a cluster analysis for Fig. 2, shown below, based on the coded similarity between each of the coded themes across our interviews.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

EVs accounted for only 0.2% of the total passenger vehicle fleet by the end of 2016.

“accounting for only 0.2% of the total passenger vehicle fleet by the end of 2016”

• cites IEA, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Non-technical elements such as social and business practices or political interests have also been identified as barriers to electrification, these being more complex to overcome.

“Non-technical elements, however, such as social and business practices or political interests, have also been identified as barriers to electrification, these being more complex to overcome”

• cites Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Common across the literature has been a focus on range, price and charging infrastructure as the technoeconomic elements impeding wide-scale EV adoption.

“Indeed, common across the literature has been a focus on range, price and charging infrastructure as the technoeconomic elements impeding wide-scale EV adoption.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The research commenced without any preformed hypotheses.

“Finally, the research was grounded in the sense that we commenced our project without any preformed hypotheses”

May combine two claims.

Continued improvements on energy density of vehicle battery packs still necessitates substantial scientific and technological development and faces limited ceilings of development.

“the continued improvements on energy density of vehicle battery packs still necessitates substantial scientific and technological development and faces limited ceilings of development”

• cites Thackeray et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The nuances of the interconnections between barriers, consumers and society can still be further developed.

“though the nuances of the interconnections between barriers, consumers and society can still be further developed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Semi-structured interviews allow the authors to have guidance and flexibility, by asking a set of fixed questions to then create a conversational channel of information-gathering, allowing space for spontaneous responses that add depth and in some instances unforeseen narratives.

“This methodology allows the authors to have guidance and flexibility, by asking a set of fixed questions to then, create a conversational channel of information-gathering, allowing space for spontaneous responses that add depth and in some instances unforeseen narratives to the research”

• cites Harrell and Bradley, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It is a heterogeneous combination of sociotechnical factors that determine whether EVs technologies will achieve widespread acceptance, or face consumer rejection.

“In other words, it is a heterogeneous combination of sociotechnical factors that determine whether EVs technologies will achieve widespread acceptance, or face consumer rejection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent sociotechnical review of EV barriers and motivators acknowledged a myriad of technical barriers that connect to different levels of society, such as decision-makers and individual.

“a recent sociotechnical review of EV barriers and motivators acknowledged a myriad of technical barriers that connect to different levels of society, such as decision-makers and individual”

• cites Biresselioglu et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The low Danish concern about public charging infrastructure might be explained by leftover charging infrastructure from previous EV companies and relative smaller country.

“which might be explained in line with leftover charging infrastructure from previous EV companies (Noel and Sovacool, 2016), and relative smaller country.”

• cites Noel and Sovacool, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Danish government had started to phase out earlier tax benefits at the time of the interviews, which explains the higher Danish response rate on EV taxes and lack of incentives.

“Denmark presents a special case, primarily because at the time of the interviews the Danish government had started to phase out earlier tax benefits (at the time of writing these were halted again), which explains the Danish expert's markedly higher response rate on EV taxes and lack of incentives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A salient insight from the sociotechnical approach is its focus on the interrelationship of linkages between elements and co-evolutionary processes.

“A salient insight from the sociotechnical approach is its focuses on the interrelationship of linkages between elements and co-evolutionary processes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The data from interviews is presented anonymously to encourage candor and prevent retaliation.

“Likewise, the data from the interviews is presented here as anonymous to encourage candor and prevent retaliation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The authors did not define any terms and allowed broad discussion of each topic.

“Likewise, we did not define any terms and allowed broad discussion of each topic”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Techno-economic aspects of the price-range-charging nexus are expected to decrease mostly in the near future.

“While the techno-economic aspects of the price-range-charging nexus are expected to decrease mostly in the near future”

May combine two claims.

EV barriers are not solely based on either technical or non-technical elements, nor do they operate in isolation.

“We have demonstrated that EV barriers are not solely based on either technical or non-technical elements, nor do they operate in isolation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Consumer perception and understanding of personal vehicles are at the core for reducing the impact of the nexus of technical barriers moving forward, and thus foster increasing deployment of electric vehicles internationally.

“Consumer perception and understanding of personal vehicles are at the core for reducing the impact of the nexus of technical barriers moving forward, and thus foster increasing deployment of electric vehicles internationally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mental barriers may be the most difficult to resolve.

“While experience is key to educating consumers about the benefits of EVs and both information and education may be necessary to properly characterize the technical aspects of the nexus, it was noted that mental barriers may be the most difficult to resolve.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The proposed nexus does not only cover users of private vehicles, but also fleet owners and public transportation operators.

“Additionally, it is also important to note that the proposed nexus does not only cover users of private vehicles, but also fleet owners and public transportation operators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are true technoeconomic aspects behind the nexus of range-price-charging.

“It is undeniable that there are true technoeconomic aspects behind the nexus of range-price-charging”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: EV range is less than ICEV range.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: EV price tends to be higher than ICEV when looking only at the sticker price.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There are far more gas stations than public charging infrastructure.

May combine two claims.

Price is connected both to the range and consumer knowledge barriers.

“Thus, price is connected both to the range and consumer knowledge barriers.”

May combine two claims.

The public charging barrier may be borne out of consumer inexperience with EVs and undervaluing charging that may occur at home or work.

“Thus, the public charging barrier may be borne out of consumer inexperience with EVs and undervaluing charging that may occur at home or work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Framing EV policy within the framework of policy mixing may better address the interconnected nature of the barriers, as well as make transportation policy more coherent with sustainability policy in general.

“Framing EV policy within the framework of policy mixing may better address the interconnected nature of the barriers, as well as make transportation policy more coherent with sustainability policy in general.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Giving information and experience to consumers may be a cheaper alternative while also being more effective than resolving to a techno-economic policy approach.

“Indeed, giving information and experience to consumers may be a cheaper alternative while also being more effective than resolving to a techno-economic policy approach.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Experts commonly connected the nexus to consumer knowledge and experience, claiming the technical barriers were actually rooted in mental barriers.

“However, more importantly, and as hinted in the discussion above of the nexus between range-price-public charging, experts commonly connected the nexus to consumer knowledge and experience, claiming these technical barriers were actually rooted in mental barriers.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The connections experts draw between barriers reflect real-world interconnected barriers that EVs face, not merely patterns in expert discourse.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Much of the focus both in the literature and by the experts interviewed emphasizes range, price, charging infrastructure, and psychological factors.

“though much of the focus both in the literature and by the experts interviewed emphasizes range, price, charging infrastructure, and psychological factors.”