The basics of thiols and cysteines in redox biology and chemistry
Open accessAbstract
Cysteine is one of the least abundant amino acids, yet it is frequently found as a highly conserved residue within functional (regulatory, catalytic, or binding) sites in proteins. It is the unique chemistry of the thiol or thiolate group of cysteine that imparts to functional sites their specialized properties (e.g., nucleophilicity, high-affinity metal binding, and/or ability to form disulfide bonds). Highlighted in this review are some of the basic biophysical and biochemical properties of cysteine groups and the equations that apply to them, particularly with respect to pKa and redox potential. Also summarized are the types of low-molecular-weight thiols present in high concentrations in most cells, as well as the ways in which modifications of cysteinyl residues can impart or regulate molecular functions important to cellular processes, including signal transduction.
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A strong limitation for analysis of cysteine species is their instability due to their dynamic nature, since oxidation products of protein cysteine residues can be easily reduced by other thiols.
“However, a strong limitation for the analysis of cysteine species is their instability due to the dynamic nature, since oxidation products of protein cysteine residues can be easily reduced by other thiols [122,123].”
From Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [122]
The set of reactions resulting in formation of superoxide radicals is omnipresent and a critical component in biological systems.
“The above set of reactions, resulting in the formation of superoxide radicals, has been shown to be omnipresent and a critical component in biological systems (Poole 2015; Adams et al. 1969; Davies et al. 2022).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Poole 2015
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The Non-flavin Redox Center of the Streptococcal NADH Peroxidase
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Self-citationCysteine p K a Values for the Bacterial Peroxiredoxin AhpC
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Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin-mediated redox regulation of ribonucleotide reductase
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Chemical approaches to detect and analyze protein sulfenic acids
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Mass spectrometry in studies of protein thiol chemistry and signaling: Opportunities and caveats
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Self-citationStructural Basis for the Retroreduction of Inactivated Peroxiredoxins by Human Sulfiredoxin,
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Self-citationStructure in protein chemistry
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Self-citationBiosynthesis of the methanogenic cofactors
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Self-citationForgotten radicals in biology.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents
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“However, a strong limitation for the analysis of cysteine species is their instability due to the dynamic nature, since oxidation products of protein cysteine residues can be easily reduced by other thiols [122,123].”
BackgroundPrebiotic synthesis of cysteine peptides that catalyze peptide ligation in neutral water
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Fragment-based covalent ligand discovery
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Curcumin induces secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 through an oxidation-dependent mechanism
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- Authors
- Poole, L. B.
- Affiliations
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist (US)
- Corresponding author
- Poole, Leslie B.
- ORCID
- Poole, Leslie B.
- Venue
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 80
- Pages
- 148-157
- ISSN
- 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4355186
- OpenAlex
- W2002611021
- Cited by
- 1,031
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 88 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 GM050389, R33 CA177461)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Sulfur-Based Synthesis Techniques
- Keywords
- cysteine, thiols, thiolate, redox biology, redox potential, pKa, disulfide bonds, metal ion binding, nucleophilicity, low molecular weight thiols, cysteine modification, signal transduction, protein functional sites
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cysteine, Disulfides, Electrons, Free Radicals, Glutathione, Humans, Kinetics, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidoreductases, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Thermodynamics, Signal Transduction, Biocatalysis
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