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Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Open accessAbstract
The Digital Twin (DT) is commonly known as a key enabler for the digital transformation, however, in literature is no common understanding concerning this term. It is used slightly different over the disparate disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide a categorical literature review of the DT in manufacturing and to classify existing publication according to their level of integration of the DT. Therefore, it is distinct between Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin. The results are showing, that literature concerning the highest development stage, the DT, is scarce, whilst there is more literature about DM and DS.
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“a single process [34,36,44,45]”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Dealing with a constant flux of data makes it also possible to apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to IoT systems based on Digital Twin [51][52][53] [54].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
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Yang, W., Zheng, Y., & Li, S. (2021) · International journal of computer integrated manufacturing (Print) · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2021.1992657 · Cited by 16
“Digital twin offers an opportunity to simulate and optimize the production system, including its logistical aspects and enables a detailed visualization of the assembly process from single component up to the whole assembly (Kritzinger et al. 2018).”
BackgroundModelling cycle for simulation digital twins
Reed, S., Löfstrand, M., & Andrews, J. (2021) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.04.004 · Cited by 16
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“A prevailing connectivity-driven definition of DT is found in Kritzinger et al. (2018), in which the replica of real-world entities is categorized as digital models (DM, no connection between physical and digital twin), digital shadows (DS, one-way connection from physical twin to digital twin), and…”
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Barbieri, G., & Gutierrez, D. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.122 · Cited by 16
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RetractedOlatinwo, D., Myburgh, H. C., de Freitas, A., & Abu-Mahfouz, A. (2025) · J. Sens. Actuator Networks · doi:10.3390/jsan14050099 · Cited by 15
“Digital twins have demonstrated notable success across various industries, including manufacturing [126], energy [127], and aerospace [128].”
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Employing digital twin technology in the pursuit to avert sustainable marketing myopia
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“…(QbD) principles and is undergoing digital transformation, a fully developed DT system comprises physical, virtual, and automated data communication components (Kritzinger et al. 2018) that communicate seamlessly; however, the full implementation of these DT applications has yet to be realized.”
InfluentialDigital twins enable shipbuilding
Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Leng, J., Zhou, H.-G., Gu, S., & Liu, X.-J. (2024) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2024.09.007 · Cited by 15
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“…of 4 in the “connection” dimension and a level 2 in the geometric representation; • Narrower interpretations of the term “Digital Twin” (e.g., [45]), such as the so-called “true Digital Twins” [91], which only admit automatic bidirectional connections be-tween the physical and virtual spaces,…”
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Konstantinidis, F. K., Balaska, V. E., Symeonidis, S., Psarommatis, F., Psomoulis, A., Giakos, G. K., Mouroutsos, S., & Gasteratos, A. (2023) · Petra · doi:10.1145/3594806.3596554 · Cited by 15
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Ohenoja, M., Koistinen, A., Hultgren, M., Remes, A., Kortelainen, J., Kaartinen, J., Peltoniemi, M., & Ruusunen, M. (2023) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108081 · Cited by 15
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Heindl, W., & Stary, C. (2022) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr10081490 · Cited by 22
“Definition of the components of the machine; • Definition of the degree of modeling;”
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Paredis, R., Exelmans, J., & Vangheluwe, H. (2022) · Annual Modeling and Simulation Conference · doi:10.23919/annsim55834.2022.9859391 · Cited by 15
“The full green line represents the path to follow, the blue, dotted line identifies the Digital Shadow simulated position and the red, dotted line depicts the position of the realized robot.”
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“The term digital twin has several interpretations in the literature, but in this study, (Kritzinger et al., 2018) defined the approach based on the directions and modes of communication between the physical and virtual worlds.”
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Laukotka, F., & Krause, D. (2023) · Syst. · doi:10.3390/systems11030142 · Cited by 14
Considering IT Trends for Modelling Investments in Supply Chains by Prioritising Digital Twins
Kajba, M., Jereb, B., & Obrecht, M. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11010262 · Cited by 14
Digital Water Services using Digital Twin paradigm
Ciliberti, F., Berardi, L., Laucelli, D., & Giustolisi, O. (2023) · IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1136/1/012002 · Cited by 14
“Digital Twin The Digital Twin (DT) technology firstly conceptualized by Grieves [5] and applied in the industry to prototype efficiency [16] and by NASA [6], is a virtual representation of a product, such as an object”
BackgroundMethodOnline Validation of Simulation-Based Digital Twins Exploiting Time Series Analysis
Lugaresi, G., Gangemi, S., Gazzoni, G., & Matta, A. (2022) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015346 · Cited by 30
Holistic Security and Safety for Factories of the Future
Maia, E., Wannous, S., Dias, T., Praça, I., & Faria, A. R. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22249915 · Cited by 22
Digital Zooarchaeology: State of the art, challenges, prospects and synergies
Spyrou, A., Nobles, G., Hadjikoumis, A., Evin, A., Hulme-Beaman, A., Çakırlar, C., Ameen, C., Loucas, N., Nikita., E., Hanot, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103588 · Cited by 14
Digital Twin in Safety-Critical Robotics Applications: Opportunities and Challenges
Baidya, S., Das, S. K., Uddin, M. H., Kosek, C., & Summers, C. (2022) · IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference · doi:10.1109/ipccc55026.2022.9894313 · Cited by 19
“In industrial robotics applications, a digital twin’s ability to simulate the physical system allows real-time synchronization and decision making which can be used to choose the optimized actions for improved efficiency, accuracy, and economic gains in the production [5], [15], [29].”
BackgroundMünker, S., Wildemann, P. R., Göppert, A., Brell-Çokcan, S., & Schmitt, R. (2021) · Construction Robotics · doi:10.1007/s41693-022-00065-4 · Cited by 14
“Digital Twin (DT) models enhance DS models, incorporating automatic bidirectional communication between physical assets and their digital representation (Kritzinger et al. 2018).”
BackgroundRole of smart materials and digital twin (DT) for the adoption of electric vehicles in India
Kamran, S. S., Haleem, A., Bahl, S., Javaid, M., Nandan, D., & Verma, A. S. (2021) · Materials Today: Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.249 · Cited by 14
A New Framework and Methodology for Digital Twin Development
de Andrade, M. A., Lepikson, H., & Machado, C. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/induscon51756.2021.9529701 · Cited by 14
Smart Digital Twin for ZDM-based job-shop scheduling
Ruiz, J. C. S., Bru, J. M., & Escoto, R. P. (2021) · Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT · doi:10.1109/metroind4.0iot51437.2021.9488473 · Cited by 14
An exploratory multi-scale framework to reservoir digital twin
Zhang, T., & Sun, S.-Y. (2021) · Advances in Geo-Energy Research · doi:10.46690/ager.2021.03.02 · Cited by 14
“Numerous publications have been reported in the establishment and application of digital twins in various fields, including complete-cycle management, automatic production and predictive maintenance (Boschert and Rosen, 2016; Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSimulation Components in Gazebo
Peake, I., Delfa, J. L., Bejarano, R., & Blech, J. (2021) · International Conference on Industrial Technology · doi:10.1109/icit46573.2021.9453594 · Cited by 14
“A digital twin (see e.g., [1], [2], [3]) is typically defined as a digital representation of a (usually) physical counterpart in the real world, whereby the digital representation is linked to the real world counterpart, so that updates on the state of the counterpart are reflected in the digital…”
BackgroundDigital Pyramid: an approach to relate industrial automation and digital twin concepts
Cortés, D., Ramírez, J., Villagómez, L., Batres, R., Vásquez-López, V., & Molina, A. (2020) · International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation · doi:10.1109/ice/itmc49519.2020.9198643 · Cited by 14
“For instance, constant improvement and transformation of field elements and architectures render modelling obsolete in the medium and long term as fast-paced changes are demanded by the industry and the market needs [20].”
BackgroundUrban Mining: Applying Digital Twins for Sustainable Product Cascade Use
Pehlken, A., & Baumann, S. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) · doi:10.1109/ice/itmc49519.2020.9198462 · Cited by 25
Leskovský, R., Kučera, E., Haffner, O., & Rosinová, D. (2020) · 2020 Cybernetics & Informatics (K&I) · doi:10.1109/ki48306.2020.9039804 · Cited by 14
“By that, digital copies can be as stated in [1] divided by the form of integration to:”
BackgroundPapacharalampopoulos, A., Christopoulos, D., & Stavropoulos, P. (2024) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.09.231 · Cited by 14
Panchal, G. B., Clegg, B., Koupaei, E. E., Masi, D., & Collis, I. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2024.02.003 · Cited by 14
Towards Data-Driven Digital Twins for Smart Manufacturing
Francis, D. P., Lazarova‐Molnar, S., & Mohamed, N. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65796-3_43 · Cited by 13
About some issues of developing Digital Twins for the intelligent process control in quarries
Deryabin, S., Temkin, I., & Zykov, S. (2020) · International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2020.09.128 · Cited by 14
Ebrahimi, A., Fritsching, U., Heuser, M., Lehmhus, D., Struss, A., Toenjes, A., & von Hehl, A. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2020.11.026 · Cited by 14
Internal Supply Chain Digital Twin of a Pharmaceutical Company
Santos, J. A., Lopes, M. R., Viegas, J., Vieira, S., & Sousa, J. (2020) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2864 · Cited by 14
Biffl, S., Eckhart, M., Lüder, A., Weippl, E., & Gilb, T. (2019) · Security and Quality in Cyber-Physical Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25312-7 · Cited by 14
Liu, C.-T., Liu, R.-Y., & Liu, X.-F. (2026) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127281 · Cited by 13
On-device AI and digital twins: A synergistic approach to intelligent cyber-physical systems
Barbone, A., Bicocchi, N., Martinelli, M., Morandi, R., & Picone, M. (2026) · Future generations computer systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2025.108068 · Cited by 13
Eyvazian, A., Song, Y., Chibukhchyan, H. S., Savari, A., & Singh, N. S. S. (2025) · Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102264 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Austria (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Kritzinger, Werner
- Venue
- IFAC-PapersOnLine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1016-1022
- ISSN
- 2405-8963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2890904471
- Cited by
- 3,612
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 761 · 2025: 639 · 2024: 576 · 2023: 577 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 128.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFAC-PapersOnLine (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
- Keywords
- digital twin, manufacturing industry, digital models, digital shadow, digital transformation, terminology, levels of integration
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