The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Open accessAbstract
The Digital Twin (DT) is commonly known as a key enabler for the digital transformation, however, in literature is no common understanding concerning this term. It is used slightly different over the disparate disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide a categorical literature review of the DT in manufacturing and to classify existing publication according to their level of integration of the DT. Therefore, it is distinct between Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin. The results are showing, that literature concerning the highest development stage, the DT, is scarce, whilst there is more literature about DM and DS.
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“a single process [34,36,44,45]”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Dealing with a constant flux of data makes it also possible to apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to IoT systems based on Digital Twin [51][52][53] [54].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
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“Furthermore, the work of Kritzinger [30] provides a categorical review in terms of classification of the literature and the level of integration of a Digital Twin - whether it is introduced as a concept, case study, review or a definition.”
MethodAre general circulation models obsolete?
Balaji, V., Couvreux, F., Deshayes, J., Gautrais, J., Hourdin, F., & Rio, C. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2202075119 · Cited by 84
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Digital Twin in Services and Industrial Product Service Systems:
Zhang, H.-W., Ma, L., Sun, J.-C., Lin, H.-H., & Thürer, M. (2019) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.131 · Cited by 84
A Review of Digital Twin Technologies for Enhanced Sustainability in the Construction Industry
Zhang, Z., Wei, Z., Court, S., Yang, L., Wang, S., Thirunavukarasu, A., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14041113 · Cited by 112
Digital twin real-time hybrid simulation platform for power system stability
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Metaverse: Survey, Applications, Security, and Opportunities
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“Designers and engineers can build corresponding DT models for products and simulate product operation to determine if the product design makes sense and is efficient, without having to perform time-consuming and expensive physical tests [102, 103].”
BackgroundIntegration of real-time locating systems into digital twins
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BackgroundDigital Post-Disaster Risk Management Twinning: A Review and Improved Conceptual Framework
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“A simulated virtual environment can be further enhanced using the digital twin concept, applied primarily in the context of manufacturing and warehousing [8].”
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Toward Transportation Digital Twin Systems for Traffic Safety and Mobility: A Review
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“Although in other domains [11], [64], the digital shadow and digital sibling have been distinguished from the actual DT by their definitions, in our architecture we have incorporated them within the DT without violating their defining criteria.”
MethodAdvances of Digital Twins for Predictive Maintenance
You, Y., Chen, C., Hu, F., Liu, Y., & Ji, Z. (2022) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.348 · Cited by 98
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A review of unit level digital twin applications in the manufacturing industry
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Gunasegaram, D., Murphy, A., Matthews, M. J., & DebRoy, T. (2021) · Journal of Physics Materials · doi:10.1088/2515-7639/ac09fb · Cited by 79
“Qi et al [13], Tao et al [14] and Kritzinger et al [15] have recently provided reviews of current DT use in manufacturing.”
BackgroundMethodHospiT'Win: A Predictive Simulation-Based Digital Twin for Patients Pathways in Hospital
Karakra, A., Fontanili, F., Lamine, E., & Lamothe, J. (2019) · 2019 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2019.8834534 · Cited by 79
“In scientific research, several definitions for the digital twin are existing, but there is no clear, specific and unique definition for this term [1] [2].”
Zhao, Y., Wang, N., Liu, Z.-S., & Mu, E. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12020087 · Cited by 78
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“Figure 5 shows this integration of the digital model within the digital twin. on Cimino et al., 2019; Kritzinger et al., 2018) In addition to the definition of a digital twin and a digital model, the digital shadow is coined as a term for an automated data flow from the physical to the digital side,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSteering Representations—Towards a Critical Understanding of Digital Twins
Korenhof, P., Blok, V., & Kloppenburg, S. (2021) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-021-00484-1 · Cited by 86
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“A. Background D IGITAL twins (DTs) enable a synergistic integration be-tween the physical and cyber worlds, thereby becoming a catalyst for the ongoing digital transformation of our society [1].”
BackgroundDigitalization of agriculture for sustainable crop production: a use-case review
Shamshiri, R. R., Sturm, B., Weltzien, C., Fulton, J. P., Khosla, R., Schirrmann, M., Raut, S., Basavegowda, D. H., Yamin, M., & Hameed, I. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1375193 · Cited by 127
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Digital twin and the asset administration shell
Zhang, J., Ellwein, C., Heithoff, M., Michael, J., & Wortmann, A. (2025) · Journal of Software and Systems Modeling · doi:10.1007/s10270-024-01255-0 · Cited by 74
“5 Conceptualization of digital twins according to their data flows to and from the actual system [53] operators would have access to simulation models that were created during engineering and could continue to use them, for example during a conversion.”
InfluentialA review on digital twins for power generation and distribution
Heluany, J. B., & Gkioulos, V. (2023) · International Journal of Information Security · doi:10.1007/s10207-023-00784-x · Cited by 95
“In an effort to address this issue, a classification based on the level of data integration was proposed in [30], with the data flow exchange between the digital and physical objects serving as the principal criterion.”
DUET: A Framework for Building Interoperable and Trusted Digital Twins of Smart Cities
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“The concept attracted a slew of interpretations over time, with some authors prefer-ring to focus on objects, some on processes, and some on systems, 9 and it is not just academics who weigh in on the subject.”
BackgroundDigital Twins: A Systematic Literature Review Based on Data Analysis and Topic Modeling
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“A change in the state of the physical object leads directly to a change in the state of the digital object and vice versa [17].”
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“However, despite being a broad concept, present in several works, there is still some confusion regarding DT characteristics (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHidden Markov model-based digital twin construction for futuristic manufacturing systems
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Human Digital Twins: A systematic literature review and concept disambiguation for industry 5.0
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“[97] has been accepted and used in several other research works [52], [66], [105].”
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“have been also implemented in different sectors and applications [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], such as design, production, manufacturing, and maintenance.”
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“This is a unique feature of this approach, which is different from a digital shadow — when a change in the physical object causes a change in the virtual object, but not vice versa (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundA classification proposal of digital twin applications in the safety domain
Agnusdei, G., Elia, V., & Gnoni, M. (2021) · Computers & industrial engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2021.107137 · Cited by 70
Colosseum as a Digital Twin: Bridging Real-World Experimentation and Wireless Network Emulation
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Building digital twins of existing highways using map data based on engineering expertise
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A Modular Digital Twinning Framework for Safety Assurance of Collaborative Robotics
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“The user is presented with a single interface to the cyber-physical system (CPS) that persists throughout its operational life time (Kritzinger et al., 2018; Qi et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialDigital Twin conceptual framework for improving critical infrastructure resilience
Brucherseifer, E., Winter, H., Mentges, A., Mühlhäuser, M., & Hellmann, M. (2021) · at - Automatisierungstechnik · doi:10.1515/auto-2021-0104 · Cited by 69
“Together with appropriate tools, the vir-Figure [9] and Kritzinger and colleagues [10].”
MethodBitencourt, J., Wooley, A., & Harris, G. A. (2024) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2024.2357741 · Cited by 65
“In a literature review, Kritzinger et al. (2018) classified a DT into three subcategories according to the model’s level of integration: Digital Model, Digital Shadow, and Digital Twin. confidence level through the observation of the model error, algorithm error, and hardware error.”
Multisource Model-Driven Digital Twin System of Robotic Assembly
Li, X., He, B., Zhou, Y., & Li, G. (2020) · IEEE Systems Journal · doi:10.1109/jsyst.2019.2958874 · Cited by 78
“Some scientific reviews had investigated the application of DT and its practical approaches in manufacturing [4], [10], [11].”
BackgroundEnabling collaboration on digital platforms: a study of digital twins
Reim, W., Andersson, E., & Eckerwall, K. (2022) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2022.2116499 · Cited by 67
Enhancing Digital Twins through Reinforcement Learning
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“In the manufacturing context, researchers are yet to agree on a common definition of the concept [6].”
BackgroundA Conceptual Model for Digital Shadows in Industry and Its Application
Becker, F., Bibow, P., Dalibor, M., Gannouni, A., Hahn, V., Hopmann, C., Jarke, M., Koren, I., Kröger, M., Lipp, J., et al. (2021) · International Conference on Conceptual Modeling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89022-3_22 · Cited by 67
Advancing Precision Agriculture Through Digital Twins and Smart Farming Technologies: A Review
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“• No automatic updates.”
A digital twin-based approach for the management of geometrical deviations during assembly processes
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“Nevertheless, a recent literature review [3, 4] shows that the current developments regarding digital twins in the field of production are mainly conceptual.”
BackgroundAgricultural digital twin for smart farming: A review
Subeesh, A., & Chauhan, N. (2025) · Green Technologies and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.grets.2025.100299 · Cited by 63
Knebel, F. P., Trevisan, R., do Nascimento, G. S., Abel, M., & Wickboldt, J. A. (2023) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2023.109363 · Cited by 87
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“However, a major problem with the majority of research on Digital Twin-driven simulation is that they only focused on the one-way data flow between the cyber and physical space (Kritzinger et al. 2018).”
BackgroundConstruction digital twin: a taxonomy and analysis of the application-technology-data triad
Saif, W., RazaviAlavi, S., & Kassem, M. (2024) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105715 · Cited by 64
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Large scale foundation models for intelligent manufacturing applications: a survey
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Generating customized low-code development platforms for digital twins
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“Digital Twins (DTs) [1] promise improving the understanding and use of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) in automated driving [2], manufacturing [3], medicine [4], and further domains.”
BackgroundRobotic Assembly of Timber Structures in a Human-Robot Collaboration Setup
Kramberger, A., Kunic, A., Iturrate, I., Sloth, C., Naboni, R., & Schlette, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.768038 · Cited by 64
“, 2019), we apply digital twins to digitally mirror the state of the physical entities (Kritzinger et al., 2018) (i.”
MethodA digital twin uses classification system for urban planning & city infrastructure management
Al-Sehrawy, R., Kumar, B., & Watson, R. W. (2021) · Journal of Information Technology in Construction · doi:10.36680/j.itcon.2021.045 · Cited by 64
“Hence, Mirror is about a mere creation of a model or a shadow of the observed real entity (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundIoT-digital twin-inspired smart irrigation approach for optimal water utilization
Manocha, A., Sood, S. K., & Bhatia, M. (2023) · Sustainable Computing Informatics and Systems · doi:10.1016/j.suscom.2023.100947 · Cited by 49
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Exploring the concept of Cognitive Digital Twin from model-based systems engineering perspective
Lu, J., Zhaorui, Y., Zheng, X., Wang, J., & Kiritsis, D. (2022) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09610-5 · Cited by 75
“1 3 systems from many perspectives such as production planning and control, production process simulation product fault warning, equipment status monitoring and predictive maintenance, layout planning, production index optimization [9, 10].”
BackgroundEnhancing discrete-event simulation with big data analytics: A review
Greasley, A., & Edwards, J. S. (2021) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.1080/01605682.2019.1678406 · Cited by 63
Digital twins in process engineering: An overview on computational and numerical methodsPreprint
Peterson, L., Gosea, I. V., Benner, P., & Sundmacher, K. (2024) · Computers and Chemical Engineering · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4747265 · Cited by 62
A Conceptual Framework for Digital Twin in Healthcare: Evidence from a Systematic Meta-Review
Pellegrino, G., Gervasi, M., Angelelli, M., & Corallo, A. (2024) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-024-10536-4 · Cited by 85
“A Digital Model is completely devoid of real-time communications between physical and virtual space (Kritzinger et al., 2018; Inamura, 2023; Botín-Sanabria et al., 2022; Kamel Boulos & Zhang, 2021).”
Digital Twin Implementation in Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review
Amor, S. B., Elloumi, N., Eltaief, A., Louhichi, B., Alrasheedi, N., & Seibi, A. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12061062 · Cited by 62
“The digital twin (DT) represents a virtual model that reflects the dynamics and behavior of physical objects, systems, or processes in real time [55].”
A comprehensive survey of digital twins: Applications, technologies and security challenges
Jeremiah, S. R., Azzaoui, A. E., Xiong, N. N., & Park, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Systems Architecture · doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2024.103120 · Cited by 77
Concepts and trends of virtual commissioning – A comprehensive review
Striffler, N., & Voigt, T. (2023) · Journal of manufacturing systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.10.013 · Cited by 62
Defining a Digital Twin: A Data Science-Based Unification
Emmert‐Streib, F. (2023) · Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction · doi:10.3390/make5030054 · Cited by 71
Digital twins for cutting processes
Bergs, T., Biermann, D., Erkorkmaz, K., & M'saoubi, R. (2023) · CIRP annals · doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2023.05.006 · Cited by 62
Pronost, G., Mayer, F., Camargo, M., & Dupont, L. (2023) · Digital Twin · doi:10.12688/digitaltwin.17807.1 · Cited by 64
Cognitive Digital Twin for Manufacturing Systems
Faruque, M. A. A., Muthirayan, D. R. P., Yu, S.-Y., & Khargonekar, P. P. (2021) · Design, Automation, and Test in Europe · doi:10.23919/date51398.2021.9474166 · Cited by 82
“The digital twins have been proposed for many applications or use cases such as predicting real-time behavior, monitoring, decision support, planning, production optimization, and control [14]–[16].”
Lopez, P. C., Udugama, I. A., Thomsen, S. T., Roslander, C., Junicke, H., Mauricio-Iglesias, M., & Gernaey, K. (2020) · Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining · doi:10.1002/bbb.2108 · Cited by 62
A unified framework for digital twin development in manufacturing
Latsou, C., Ariansyah, D., Salome, L., Erkoyuncu, J. A., Sibson, J., & Dunville, J. (2024) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2024.102567 · Cited by 70
A Digital Twin Reference for Mass Personalization in Industry 4.0
Aheleroff, S., Zhong, R., & Xu, X. (2020) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.04.023 · Cited by 62
Digital twins in healthcare IoT: A systematic review
Kabir, M. R., Shishir, F. S., Shomaji, S., & Ray, S. (2025) · High-Confidence Computing · doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2025.100340 · Cited by 68
Yiğit, A. Y., & Uysal, M. (2024) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115931 · Cited by 61
Digital Twins for Clinical and Operational Decision-Making: Scoping Review
Riahi, V., Diouf, I., Khanna, S., Boyle, J., & Hassanzadeh, H. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55015 · Cited by 63
“One perspective is that the data flow between the real and virtual product is fully integrated in a way that the real product is controlled by its virtual version and a change in one of them alters the status of the other [62].”
Jiang, Y.-S., Li, M., Wu, W., Wu, X.-Q., Zhang, X., Huang, X.-Y., Zhong, R., & Huang, G. G. (2023) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2023.101951 · Cited by 61
Λαμπρόπουλος, Γ., & Siakas, K. V. (2022) · Journal of Software Evolution and Process · doi:10.1002/smr.2494 · Cited by 78
“109,110 Owing to these characteristics, digital twins open up new possibilities and enhance the integration of cyber-physical systems in manufacturing and offer several benefits and optimization opportunities in the design, operation, and production stages.”
BackgroundExploring digital twin systems in mining operations: A review
Nobahar, P., Xu, C., Dowd, P. A., & Faradonbeh, R. S. (2024) · Green and Smart Mining Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.gsme.2024.09.003 · Cited by 75
Alimam, H., Mazzuto, G., Tozzi, N., Ciarapica, F. E., & Bevilacqua, M. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101846 · Cited by 60
“However, as highlighted in studies by Liu et al. and W. Kritzinger et al. (Liu et al., 2021; Kritzinger et al., 2018), there are instances where academic papers refer to digital models or shadows as digital twins.”
When is a simulation a digital twin? A systematic literature review
Wooley, A., Silva, D. F., & Bitencourt, J. (2023) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.08.014 · Cited by 67
A conceptual framework for smart production planning and control in Industry 4.0
Cañas, H., Mula, J., Campuzano, F., & Escoto, R. P. (2022) · Computers & industrial engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108659 · Cited by 60
Bi-level dynamic scheduling architecture based on service unit digital twin agents
Zhang, J., Deng, T., Jiang, H., Chen, H., Qin, S., & Ding, G. (2021) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2021.05.007 · Cited by 71
Wärmefjord, K., Söderberg, R. C., Schleich, B., & Wang, H. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10103342 · Cited by 61
Marine energy digitalization digital twin's approaches
Nezhad, M. M., Neshat, M., Sylaios, G., & Garcia, D. A. (2024) · Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.114065 · Cited by 60
Leveraging digital twins for fault diagnosis in autonomous ships
Hasan, A., Asfihani, T., Osen, O., & Bye, R. T. (2024) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116546 · Cited by 59
Towards a connected Digital Twin Learning Ecosystem in manufacturing: Enablers and challenges
García, Á., Bregón, A., & Martínez‐Prieto, M. A. (2022) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108463 · Cited by 73
Fault diagnosis and predictive maintenance for hydraulic system based on digital twin model
Wang, L.-T., Liu, Y., Yin, H., & Sun, W. (2022) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0098632 · Cited by 59
Cognitive Digital Twins for Resilience in Production: A Conceptual Framework
Eirinakis, P., Lounis, S., Plitsos, S., Arampatzis, G., Kalaboukas, K., Kenda, K., Lu, J., Rožanec, J. M., & Stojanović, N. (2022) · Information · doi:10.3390/info13010033 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Austria (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Kritzinger, Werner
- Venue
- IFAC-PapersOnLine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1016-1022
- ISSN
- 2405-8963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2890904471
- Cited by
- 3,612
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 761 · 2025: 639 · 2024: 576 · 2023: 577 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 128.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFAC-PapersOnLine (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
- Keywords
- digital twin, manufacturing industry, digital models, digital shadow, digital transformation, terminology, levels of integration
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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