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Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Open accessAbstract
The Digital Twin (DT) is commonly known as a key enabler for the digital transformation, however, in literature is no common understanding concerning this term. It is used slightly different over the disparate disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide a categorical literature review of the DT in manufacturing and to classify existing publication according to their level of integration of the DT. Therefore, it is distinct between Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin. The results are showing, that literature concerning the highest development stage, the DT, is scarce, whilst there is more literature about DM and DS.
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“a single process [34,36,44,45]”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Dealing with a constant flux of data makes it also possible to apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to IoT systems based on Digital Twin [51][52][53] [54].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
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BackgroundPharma 4.0-Artificially Intelligent Digital Twins for Solidified Nanosuspensions
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“A digital twin is the mirrored functional space model of a manufacturing unit that responds to physical state changes which is purposed for surveillance, optimization and prediction [1].”
MethodVerified Synthesis of Optimal Safety Controllers for Human-Robot Collaboration
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“[2012] and Kshirsagar et al. [2019] focus on homogeneous action systems, that is, systems with few and similar types of actions manipulating type-wise simple state spaces (e.”
[Retracted] Digital Twin‐Based Ecogreen Building Design
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“Kritzinger et al. (2018) recently elucidated this scenario by categorizing digital twinning into three distinct levels: digital model, digital shadow, and digital twin.”
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“Interlinkage between the concepts of DM, DS and DT (based on [11]).”
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“A user will have to manually make changes in either the physical system or the virtual model, and those changes will not be reflected in either until the user makes the adjustments manually [7].”
InfluentialLiu, J.-B., Yeoh, W., Qu, Y.-Y., & Gao, L.-X. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4113933 · Cited by 21
“A DT is not only a simple simulation model [4, 12-14].”
MethodSorger, M., Ralph, B. J., Hartl, K., Woschank, M., & Stockinger, M. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11199021 · Cited by 21
“The Digital Model (DM) includes data transfer between the physical and digital space without automated data transfer from the digital to the physical domain or vice versa [53].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDigital Twins for Manufacturing Using UML and Behavioral Specifications
Azangoo, M., Taherkordi, A., & Blech, J. O. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation · doi:10.1109/etfa46521.2020.9212165 · Cited by 21
“The complexity of manufacturing processes as well as the size of typical plants raise a number of challenges on the management and maintenance in such systems which can be tackled by digital twins [3].”
BackgroundThe Role of Digital Twins in Collaborative Cyber-Physical Systems
Nazarenko, A., & Camarinha-Matos, L. (2020) · Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45124-0_18 · Cited by 21
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“In their categorical literature review, Kritzinger et al. (2018) list many publications that have the twin in the title, although according to their definition many of them rather have a digital shadow or model as a content.”
BackgroundDigital Twin: Enabling Technology, Challenges and Open Research
Fuller, A., Fan, Z., & Day, C. (2019) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.01276 · Cited by 21
“[11] 3) Digital Twin: “If further, the data flows between an existing physical object and a digital object are fully integrated into both directions, one might refer to it as Digital Twin.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntegrating the Digital Twin of a Shop Floor Conveyor in the Manufacturing Control System
Răileanu, S., Borangiu, T., Ivanescu, N., Morariu, O., & Anton, F. (2019) · Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27477-1_10 · Cited by 21
Das, C., Mumu, A. A., Ali, M. F., Sarker, S., Muyeen, S., Das, S. K., Das, P., Hasan, M., Tasneem, Z., Islam, M. M., et al. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3227644 · Cited by 21
“Digital twins have effectively been revolutionized to change a variety of industries since the Internet of Things (IoT) boom since they are now affordable and efficient [2].”
BackgroundHow to characterize a Digital Twin: A Usage-Driven Classification
Julien, N., & Martin, E. (2021) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.08.106 · Cited by 21
İnanlar, B., & Altay, F. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105491 · Cited by 23
Alam, N., Saha, N., Gadow, V., Harik, R., & Ryu, J. (2025) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.06.174 · Cited by 21
Kinematic and dynamic modeling of mechanical systems towards Digital Twins
Nezzi, C., Gufler, V., Vidoni, R., & Rauch, E. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104874 · Cited by 20
Characterizing the Role of Geospatial Science in Digital Twins
Metcalfe, J. B., Ellul, C., Morley, J. G., & Stoter, J. (2024) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi13090320 · Cited by 26
“Approaches include those that have focused on defining generic, cross-domain dimensions [2,18,45,46] and those that have focused on defining DT dimensions within a particular application domain [19,31,35,47].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialInamdar, A., van Driel, W. D., & Zhang, G. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13163255 · Cited by 22
“This configuration is sometimes referred to as a ‘Digital Shadow’ [75].”
BackgroundVirtual Building Models in built environments
Yoon, S. (2024) · Developments in the Built Environment · doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100453 · Cited by 19
Kandarkar, P., & Ravi, V. (2024) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-11-2023-0498 · Cited by 20
Digital Twin Meets Knowledge Graph for Intelligent Manufacturing Processes
Stavropoulou, G., Tsitseklis, K., Mavraidi, L., Chang, K. E., Zafeiropoulos, A., Karyotis, V. A., & Papavassiliou, S. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24082618 · Cited by 34
“Digital twins have the capability to choose from a range of actions aiming at coordinating and executing the entire production system in an optimal manner [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialHasidi, O., Abdelwahed, E., Alaoui-Chrifi, M. A. E., Qazdar, A., Benzakour, I., Bourzeix, F., & Bendaouia, A. (2024) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-024-13384-3 · Cited by 20
Design Model for the Digital Shadow of a Value Stream
Frick, N., Terwolbeck, J., Seibel, B., & Metternich, J. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12010020 · Cited by 19
Enabling simulation services for digital twins of 5G/B5G mobile networks
Nardini, G., & Stea, G. (2023) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2023.10.017 · Cited by 17
A Bibliometrics-Based Systematic Review of Safety Risk Assessment for IBS Hoisting Construction
Junjia, Y., Alias, A. H., Haron, N. A., & Bakar, N. A. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13071853 · Cited by 28
Loaiza, J. H., Cloutier, R. J., & Lippert, K. J. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11010041 · Cited by 28
Bellavista, P., Giannelli, C., Mamei, M., Mendula, M., & Picone, M. (2022) · Pervasive and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2022.101646 · Cited by 24
Simulated-based methodology for the interface configuration of cyber-physical production systems
Ait-Alla, A., Kreutz, M., Rippel, D., Lütjen, M., & Freitag, M. (2020) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2020.1778209 · Cited by 20
TiLA: Twin-in-the-Loop Architecture for Cyber-Physical Production Systems
Park, H., Easwaran, A., & Andalam, S. (2019) · ICCD · doi:10.1109/iccd46524.2019.00019 · Cited by 20
“Recently digital twin has received considerable attention in the fields of manufacturing, process plants, cloud computing, etc [2], [3].”
BackgroundReisch, R. T., Janisch, L., Tresselt, J., Kamps, T., & Knoll, A. (2023) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.06.130 · Cited by 20
“P According to the definition of Kritzinger et al. [11] this can be regarded as a Digital Shadow as the digital representation mirrors the physical wor ld but doesn’t interact with it.”
MethodAssuad, C., Leirmo, T., & Martinsen, K. (2022) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2022.09.076 · Cited by 20
Rannenberg, K. (2020) · Advances in Production Management Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57993-7 · Cited by 20
“, [6] explained, the ISO 42010 has provided meta-models for describing systems and software architectures.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProduct digital twins: An umbrella review and research agenda for understanding their value
Medina, F. G., & Hernandez, V. M. (2024) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2024.104181 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Austria (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Kritzinger, Werner
- Venue
- IFAC-PapersOnLine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1016-1022
- ISSN
- 2405-8963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2890904471
- Cited by
- 3,612
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 761 · 2025: 639 · 2024: 576 · 2023: 577 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 128.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFAC-PapersOnLine (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
- Keywords
- digital twin, manufacturing industry, digital models, digital shadow, digital transformation, terminology, levels of integration
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