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Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Open accessAbstract
The Digital Twin (DT) is commonly known as a key enabler for the digital transformation, however, in literature is no common understanding concerning this term. It is used slightly different over the disparate disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide a categorical literature review of the DT in manufacturing and to classify existing publication according to their level of integration of the DT. Therefore, it is distinct between Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin. The results are showing, that literature concerning the highest development stage, the DT, is scarce, whilst there is more literature about DM and DS.
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“a single process [34,36,44,45]”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Dealing with a constant flux of data makes it also possible to apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to IoT systems based on Digital Twin [51][52][53] [54].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
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Lehmhus, D. (2024) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met14030334 · Cited by 36
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Using Digital Twin in a Shipbuilding Project
Kunkera, Z., Opetuk, T., Hadžić, N., & Tošanović, N. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app122412721 · Cited by 36
Developing and user-testing a “Digital Twins” prototyping tool for architectural design
Kalantari, S., Pourjabar, S., Xu, T., & Kan, J. (2022) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104140 · Cited by 36
Modoni, G. E., Stampone, B., & Trotta, G. (2022) · Computers in industry (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2021.103568 · Cited by 36
Digital Twin in Computational Design and Robotic Construction of Wooden Architecture
Zhang, Y., Meina, A., Lin, X., Zhang, K., & Xu, Z. (2021) · Advances in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/8898997 · Cited by 36
“[25], and the inclusion of the digital twin model optimizes multiple aspects.”
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Yan, W., Shi, Y., Ji, Z.-Y., Sui, Y., Tian, Z., Wang, W., & Cao, Q. (2023) · Engineering applications of artificial intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106798 · Cited by 35
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“A digital twin is a partition of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS), which is a set of physical systems connected to virtual cyberspace through the network [11, 49].”
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A tool-based system architecture for a digital twin: a case study in a healthcare facility
Harode, A., Thabet, W. Y., & Dongre, P. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology in Construction · doi:10.36680/j.itcon.2023.006 · Cited by 43
Common Educational Teleoperation Platform for Robotics Utilizing Digital Twins
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Saback, V., Popescu, C., Blanksvärd, T., & Täljsten, B. (2022) · Nordic Concrete Research · doi:10.2478/ncr-2021-0020 · Cited by 35
“At that time, the concept was given the name DT and it was introduced as such to the aerospace world via NASA’s Technology Roadmaps [38].”
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Klingaa, C. G., Mohanty, S., Funch, C. V., Hjermitslev, A. B., Haahr-Lillevang, L., & Hattel, J. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.03.035 · Cited by 35
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“Currently, the manufacturing domain strongly focuses on the definition and the development of digital twins: ‘a virtual representation of a production system that is able to run on different simulation disciplines that is characterized by the synchronization between the virtual and real system, thanks to sensed data a…”
BackgroundData Integration for Digital Twins in Industrial Automation: A Systematic Literature Review
Hildebrandt, G., Dittler, D., Habiger, P., Drath, R., & Weyrich, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3465632 · Cited by 44
“To address this issue, an abstract definition [19] of the Digital Twin was used, which has broad applicability to various definitions of Digital Twins found in the literature.”
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Using a Digital Twin for Production Planning and Control in Industry 4.0
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A review of drivers and barriers of Digital Twin adoption in building project development processes
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A Digital Twin use cases classification and definition framework based on Industrial feedback
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“…and popularity from the most cited academic and well-known industrial definitions, as well as Digital Twin definitions literature reviews (Kritzinger et al., 2018; VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021; Negri et al., 2017; Sjarov et al., 2020; Semeraro et al., 2021; Tao et al., 2018b; Lo et…”
High-performance manufacturing
Dongming, G. (2024) · International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing · doi:10.1088/2631-7990/ad7426 · Cited by 76
“Many existing modeling meth-ods and performance evaluation models can be used in HPM, such as analytical models, mechanism and data-driven hybrid models [16], as well as fully digital virtual models [17–19].”
Zero-touch networks: Towards next-generation network automation
Rajab, M. E., Yang, L., & Shami, A. A. (2024) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110294 · Cited by 85
ChatTwin: Toward Automated Digital Twin Generation for Data Center via Large Language Models
Li, M., Wang, R., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Wen, Y., & Tan, R. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation (BuildSys) · doi:10.1145/3600100.3623719 · Cited by 33
“These advantages have spawned various applications to create digital replicas of the physical assets in industrial fields, such as data center [15], manufacturing [9], and smart grid [6].”
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Lindner, M. S., Bank, L., Schilp, J., & Weigold, M. (2023) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci5040040 · Cited by 38
Sigawi, T., & Ilan, Y. (2023) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics8040359 · Cited by 27
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Guo, Y. B., Klink, A., Bártolo, P., & Guo, W. (2023) · CIRP Annals · doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2023.05.007 · Cited by 45
An AI based digital-twin for prioritising pneumonia patient treatment
Chakshu, N. K., & Nithiarasu, P. (2022) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine · doi:10.1177/09544119221123431 · Cited by 38
Digital twin-based decision making paradigm of raise boring method
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“Kritzinger et al. (2018) classified DT into three subcategories according to the data integration levels: Digital Model, Digital Shadow, and Digital Twin.”
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“As discussed in recent literature, digital twins now play a key role in cyber-physical systems, Industry 4.0, Internet-of-Things, smart cities, aviation, energy, and healthcare (Fuller et al. 2020; Kritzinger et al. 2018; Caporuscio 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrediction of Particle Properties in Plasma Spraying Based on Machine Learning
Bobzin, K., Wietheger, W., Heinemann, H., Dokhanchi, S. R., Rom, M., & Visconti, G. (2021) · Journal of Thermal Spray Technology · doi:10.1007/s11666-021-01239-2 · Cited by 37
Artificial intelligence and computer simulation models in critical illness
Lal, A., Pinevich, Y., Gajic, O., Herasevich, V., & Pickering, B. (2020) · World Journal of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.5492/wjccm.v9.i2.13 · Cited by 34
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“As a new, emerging technology for modeling, simulation, and optimization, digital twin can reflect real-time states of physical systems [6].”
BackgroundComparison of Digital Twin Development in Manufacturing and Maritime Domains
Taylor, N., Human, C., Kruger, K., Bekker, A., & Basson, A. (2019) · Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27477-1_12 · Cited by 34
The Digital Twin as a Core Component for Industry 4.0 Smart Production Planning
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Walton, R. B., Ciarallo, F. W., & Champagne, L. E. (2024) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2024.110241 · Cited by 33
Galkin, A., Samchuk, G., Kopytkov, D., & Thompson, R. G. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-01754-0 · Cited by 43
“Another example is Siemens’ use of digital twins in manufacturing processes to simulate production lines and identify bottlenecks, ensuring efficient resource utilisation [42].”
Real-to-sim: automatic simulation model generation for a digital twin in semiconductor manufacturing
Behrendt, S., Altenmüller, T., May, M., Kuhnle, A., & Lanza, G. (2025) · Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s10845-025-02572-x · Cited by 33
“Digital twins can be realized by a system of different kinds of models with interconnected information flow (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
InfluentialDigital twins in aircraft production and MRO: challenges and opportunities
Moenck, K., Rath, J.-E., Koch, J., Wendt, A., Kalscheuer, F., Schüppstuhl, T., & Schoepflin, D. (2024) · CEAS Aeronautical Journal · doi:10.1007/s13272-024-00740-y · Cited by 39
“The next integration step is then the bi-directional automatic data flow from and to the digital object [9].”
MADTwin: a framework for multi-agent digital twin development: smart warehouse case study
Marah, H., & Challenger, M. (2023) · Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10472-023-09872-z · Cited by 36
“Several works have been carried out to investigate the potential and enabler technologies of digital twins and identify the key challenges that face practitioners during designing and implementing dependable digital twins [13, 17, 19, 22, 32, 44, 50].”
Towards Metaverse: Utilizing Extended Reality and Digital Twins to Control Robotic Systems
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“An explanation of the difference between simulation and digital twin was given by Kritzinger et al. [51].”
BackgroundMethodInteraction with Industrial Digital Twin Using Neuro-Symbolic Reasoning
Siyaev, A., Valiev, D., & Jo, G. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23031729 · Cited by 37
Digital twins in the green life sciences
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“This dynamic and responsive character of digital twins distinguishes them from, e.g. digital shadows (Bergs et al., 2021; Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
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Humanoid robotics and agentic AI: reframing management theories and future research directions
Korzynski, P., Edwards, A., Gupta, M. C., Mazurek, G., & Wirtz, J. (2025) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2025.06.002 · Cited by 33
Toward a Practical Digital Twin Platform Tailored to the Requirements of Industrial Energy Systems
Kasper, L., Birkelbach, F., Schwarzmayr, P., Steindl, G., Ramsauer, D., & Hofmann, R. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12146981 · Cited by 33
Kang, M.-S., Lee, D.-H., Bajestani, M. S., Kim, D. B., & Noh, S. D. (2024) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines13010019 · Cited by 32
Kiskira, K., Plakantonaki, S., Gerolimos, N., Kalkanis, Κ., Sfyroera, E., Coelho, F., & Priniotakis, G. (2026) · Clean Technologies · doi:10.3390/cleantechnol8010005 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, previous reviews rarely align methodological assumptions with current EU policy rulebooks [26,27].”
Revolutionizing railway systems: A systematic review of digital twin technologies
Thompson, E. A., Lu, P., Alimo, P. K., Atuobi, H. B., Akoto, E. T., & Abbew, C. K. (2025) · High-speed Railway · doi:10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.005 · Cited by 33
Kaewunruen, S., O’Neill, C., & Sengsri, P. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94117-8 · Cited by 32
“…twin can be generally defined as a virtual representation of a product, characterized by synchronization between the virtual system and the real system, through detected data (from inspections and/or sensors) and connected intelligent devices, mathematical models and real-time data processing 9 .”
Digital Twin Used in Real-Time Monitoring of Operations Performed on CNC Technological Equipment
Daraba, D., Pop, F., & Daraba, C. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142210088 · Cited by 32
Zachos, A., & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2024) · ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/3679021 · Cited by 32
“According to Kritzinger et al. “DT in its original form is described as a digital informational structure about a physical system, created as an entity on its own and linked with the corresponding physical system” [30].”
From modeling and simulation to Digital Twin: evolution or revolution?
Ali, Z., Biglari, R., Denil, J., Mertens, J., Poursoltan, M., & Traoré, M. (2024) · International Conference on Advances in System Simulation · doi:10.1177/00375497241234680 · Cited by 32
Development and analysis of digital twins of production systems
Overbeck, L., Graves, S., & Lanza, G. (2023) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2023.2242525 · Cited by 32
“Detailed literature reviews and structuring approaches on the topic of digital twins in production are provided by Kritzinger et al. (2018), Cimino, Negri, and Fumagalli (2019) and Lechler et al. (2020).”
BackgroundKrenczyk, D., & Paprocka, I. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16062339 · Cited by 32
“In literature a Digital Twin integration is classified in three levels [23,24]: digital model, digital shadow and Digital Twin:”
MethodA machining digital twin for hybrid manufacturing
Dvorak, J., Cornelius, A., Corson, G. M., Zameroski, R., Jacobs, L., Penney, J., & Schmitz, T. (2022) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2022.07.097 · Cited by 32
Pirker, J., Loria, E., Safikhani, S., Künz, A., & Rosmann, S. (2022) · 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw55335.2022.00035 · Cited by 32
“Digital twins are described as virtual counterparts to physical entities [19, 25] and facilitate many beneficial use cases that allow cost-effective, user-friendly, and safe scenarios.”
BackgroundPlanning the restoration of membranes in RO desalination using a digital twin
van Rooij, F., Scarf, P., & Do, P. (2021) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115214 · Cited by 32
“A digital twin (DT) was first conceptualized as a finite-element model of an aircraft structure [44], but is now understood as any virtual representation of an engineered object on a computer for the purpose of product or process planning [45].”
Continuous Systems and Software Engineering for Industry 4.0: A disruptive view
Nakagawa, E. Y., Antonino, P. O., Schnicke, F., Kühn, T., & Liggesmeyer, P. (2021) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106562 · Cited by 39
Towards intelligent cooperative robotics in additive manufacturing: Past, present, and future
Rescsanski, S., Hebert, R. J., Haghighi, A., Tang, J., & Imani, F. (2024) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102925 · Cited by 42
Modeling Capabilities of Digital Twin Platforms - Old Wine in New Bottles?
Pfeiffer, J., Lehner, D., Wortmann, A., & Wimmer, M. (2022) · Journal of Object Technology · doi:10.5381/jot.2022.21.3.a10 · Cited by 32
“Digital twins (DTs) are software systems comprising data, models, and services to interact with a cyber-physical system for a specific purpose (Kirchhof et al. 2020; Bibow et al. 2020; Kritzinger et al. 2018).”
BackgroundLocal Decision Making based on Distributed Digital Twin Framework
Villalonga, A., Negri, E., Fumagalli, L., Macchi, M., Castaño, F., & Haber, R. (2020) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2806 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, the DT has the potential to be the beating heart of certain types of decision making in manufacturing, when full implementation of DT allows a bidirectional communication (Kritzinger et al. 2018); this, in fact, enables the possibility both to monitor and control the production equipment, when properly conne…”
BackgroundKersten, W., Blecker, T., & Ringle, C. (2019) · doi:10.15480/882.2460 · Cited by 32
Civil Infrastructure Digital Twins: Multi-Level Knowledge Map, Research Gaps, and Future Directions
Naderi, H., & Shojaei, A. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3223557 · Cited by 31
“The reason for this restriction is that many DT models developed for buildings are not applicable in the complex environment of civil infrastructures; (3) the identified studies must include a digital twin or shadow twin according to the Kritzinger’s classification [50].”
BackgroundAlharthi, S. (2025) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1007/s44446-025-00055-x · Cited by 36
“Consequently, it qualifies as a DT but not an IST (Fuller et al. 2020; Hennigs et al. 2024; Kritzinger et al. 2018).”
Designing an AI-driven digital twin architecture for building energy prediction
Morenas, J. D. L., Belmonte, L. M., & Morales, R. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113966 · Cited by 31
Rao, S., & Neethirajan, S. R. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25164899 · Cited by 55
“Extending this perspective, Kritzinger et al. [7] characterized digital twins as actively connected virtual replicas, distinct from traditional, static simulations due to their continuous bidirectional data exchange and concurrent evolution.”
A digital twin framework for turbine blade crack propagation prediction
Tian, X., Li, S., Zhang, H., Li, Q., & Ai, S. (2025) · International Journal of Mechanical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110396 · Cited by 25
Yalavarthy, U. R. S., Kumar, N. B., Babu, A. R. V., Narasipuram, R. P., & Padmanaban, S. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100949 · Cited by 23
Digital twins in dermatology, current status, and the road ahead
Akbarialiabad, H., Pasdar, A., & Murrell, D. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01220-7 · Cited by 31
Aguilera, J., Meesenburg, W., Markussen, W., Zühlsdorf, B., & Elmegaard, B. (2024) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123274 · Cited by 31
Marine digital twins for enhanced ocean understanding
Miedtank, A., Schneider, J., Manss, C., & Zielinski, O. (2024) · Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101268 · Cited by 26
Liu, L., Zeng, N., Liu, Y., Han, D., & König, M. (2024) · Developments in the Built Environment · doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100475 · Cited by 29
Extending factory digital Twins through human characterisation in Asset Administration Shell
Cutrona, V., Bonomi, N., Montini, E., Ruppert, T., Delinavelli, G., & Pedrazzoli, P. (2023) · International journal of computer integrated manufacturing (Print) · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2023.2278108 · Cited by 31
“Designing a model to represent humans with their stochastic nature is still challenging, with existing works mainly relying on a high-level perspective of operators based on simple static digital models (Kritzinger et al. 2018).”
An Agent-Based Architecture of the Digital Twin for an Emergency Department
Moyaux, T., Liu, Y., Bouleux, G., & Cheutet, V. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043412 · Cited by 38
Smart Master Production Schedule for the Supply Chain: A Conceptual Framework
Serrano-Ruiz, J. C., Mula, J., & Poler, R. (2021) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers10120156 · Cited by 46
“A combination of digital technology with manufacturing transforms industrial production to the next level [29] the convergence of industrial production, information and communication technologies [30].”
BackgroundIndustry 4.0 and World Class Manufacturing Integration: 100 Technologies for a WCM-I4.0 Matrix
D'Orazio, L., Messina, R., & Schiraldi, M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10144942 · Cited by 31
“In this way, it is possible to extrapolate new information and forecasts from the virtual world through virtual planning [41].”
BackgroundThe Use of Agent-Based Models Boosted by Digital Twins in the Supply Chain: A Literature Review
Orozco-Romero, A., Arias-Portela, C., & Saucedo, J. (2019) · ICO · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33585-4_62 · Cited by 31
A Monitoring Digital Twin for Services of Controlled Environment Agriculture
Gonzalez, J. P., Sanchez-Londono, D., & Barbieri, G. (2022) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.09.188 · Cited by 31
Santos, C. H. D. D., Lima, R. D. C., Leal, F., de Queiroz, J. D., Balestrassi, P., & Montevechi, J. (2020) · Production · doi:10.1590/0103-6513.20200018 · Cited by 31
“In this case, the role of Digital Twin is precisely to provide constant support to decisionmaking through the integration of the physical environment with the virtual model (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundJEBBOR, I., Benmamoun, Z., & Hachimi, H. (2025) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-025-00615-2 · Cited by 30
A digital twin framework for enhancing human-agentic AI-machine collaboration
Nicoletti, B., & Appolloni, A. (2025) · Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s10845-025-02637-x · Cited by 30
Ghosh, S., Hughes, M., Hughes, P., & Hodgkinson, I. R. (2025) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103240 · Cited by 34
Unleashing Creativity in the Metaverse: Generative AI and Multimodal Content
Saddik, A. E., Ahmad, J., Khan, M., Abouzahir, S., & Gueaieb, W. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3713075 · Cited by 33
Review and perspectives of digital twin systems for wildland fire management
Li, Y., Zhang, T., Ding, Y., Wadhwani, R., & Huang, X. (2024) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-024-01810-x · Cited by 39
Digital twins: A scientometric investigation into current progress and future directions
Kaur, H., & Bhatia, M. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125917 · Cited by 33
Pivotal role of digital twins in the metaverse: A review
Sai, S., Sharma, P., Gaur, A., & Chamola, V. (2024) · Digital Communications and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.dcan.2024.12.003 · Cited by 37
Simulation-based Digital Twin for enhancing human-robot collaboration in assembly systems
Cimino, A., Longo, F., Nicoletti, L., & Solina, V. (2024) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2024.10.024 · Cited by 34
“Today, DT finds widespread applications across various sectors [11], particularly in manufacturing, where it facilitates efficient product design, aids production planning, optimizes human resource utilization, and guides maintenance activities [12,13].”
A Digital Twin Framework for Physical-Virtual Integration in V2X-Enabled Connected Vehicle Corridors
Wu, K., Li, P., Cheng, Y., Parker, S. T., Ran, B., Noyce, D., & Ye, X. (2024) · IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print) · doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3564351 · Cited by 30
“It comprises three main components: (1) A physical reality, (2) a virtual representation, and (3) interconnections that exchange information between the physical reality and virtual representation [9], [10], [11], [12].”
Federating cross-domain BIM-based knowledge graph
Teclaw, W., O'donnel, J., Kukkonen, V., Pauwels, P., Labonnote, N., & Hjelseth, E. (2024) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2024.102770 · Cited by 30
Braik, A. M., & Koliou, M. (2024) · Resilient Cities and Structures · doi:10.1016/j.rcns.2024.07.004 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Austria (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Kritzinger, Werner
- Venue
- IFAC-PapersOnLine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1016-1022
- ISSN
- 2405-8963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2890904471
- Cited by
- 3,612
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 761 · 2025: 639 · 2024: 576 · 2023: 577 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 128.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFAC-PapersOnLine (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
- Keywords
- digital twin, manufacturing industry, digital models, digital shadow, digital transformation, terminology, levels of integration
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