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Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Open accessAbstract
The Digital Twin (DT) is commonly known as a key enabler for the digital transformation, however, in literature is no common understanding concerning this term. It is used slightly different over the disparate disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide a categorical literature review of the DT in manufacturing and to classify existing publication according to their level of integration of the DT. Therefore, it is distinct between Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin. The results are showing, that literature concerning the highest development stage, the DT, is scarce, whilst there is more literature about DM and DS.
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“a single process [34,36,44,45]”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Dealing with a constant flux of data makes it also possible to apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to IoT systems based on Digital Twin [51][52][53] [54].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Citations
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6 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Liebenberg, M., & Jarke, M. (2020) · International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49435-3_5 · Cited by 46
“These models are used, for example, to develop new products or improve processes [14].”
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“Several works have been conducted examining the application of digital twins in complex manufacturing processes to achieve the closed loop optimization of the manufacturing system [25, 26].”
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“Digital twin represents the interconnection and convergence between a physical system and its digital representation created as an entity of its own [3].”
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Merkle, L., Segura, A. S., Grummel, J. T., & Lienkamp, M. (2019) · Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1109/icphys.2019.8780347 · Cited by 46
“[7] conclude that a generally accepted definition of a digital twin is still lacking.”
BackgroundEnhanced Solar Photovoltaic System Management and Integration: The Digital Twin Concept
Olayiwola, O., Cali, U., Elsden, M., & Yadav, P. (2025) · Solar · doi:10.3390/solar5010007 · Cited by 45
Qin, L., Knutsen, K. E., Vanem, E., Æsøy, V., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117619 · Cited by 50
Application Scenarios of Digital Twins for Smart Crop Farming through Cloud–Fog–Edge Infrastructure
Kalyani, Y., Vorster, L., Whetton, R. L., & Collier, R. (2024) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi16030100 · Cited by 63
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Cost-efficient digital twins for design space exploration: A modular platform approach
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Bi, Z., Zhang, W., Wu, C., & Li, L. (2021) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2021.100316 · Cited by 47
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Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Tu, W.-W., Wang, M.-K., Yang, Y., Qian, F., & Xu, Y.-Q. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14156484 · Cited by 44
“By integrating advanced technologies such as big data analysis and artificial intelligence, digital twin technology enables the digitization and intelligent management of production processes [63].”
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Feddoul, Y., Ragot, N., Duval, F., Havard, V., Baudry, D., & Assila, A. (2023) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-023-12291-3 · Cited by 44
Zhu, Z.-J., Lin, Z.-M., Huang, J., Zheng, L., & He, B. (2023) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-023-11827-x · Cited by 44
Vehicle system dynamics in digital twin studies in rail and road domains
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“Since this process of data import and scenario setup is performed automatically, the framework may be considered a ‘digital shadow’ according to [101].”
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Nguyen, V., Tran, Q., Bésanger, Y., Jung, M.-D., & Nguyen, T. (2021) · Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00202-021-01246-0 · Cited by 44
A Digital Twin Driven Human-Centric Ecosystem for Industry 5.0
Villani, V., Picone, M., Mamei, M., & Sabattini, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tase.2024.3410703 · Cited by 55
“Traditionally DTs have been massively adopted in different machine-oriented production stages and use cases [5], in particular related to manufacturing [22], [23], [24] and product design [25].”
Smart Water Management Using Intelligent Digital Twins
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A digital twin framework for the simulation and optimization of production systems
Ricondo, I., Porto, A., & Ugarte, M. (2021) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2021.11.128 · Cited by 44
Sun, Z., Zhang, R., & Zhu, X. (2024) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2024.02.016 · Cited by 49
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A conceptual digital twin framework for city logistics
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“The digital twin concept in manufacturing was examined from a categorical perspective by [16].”
Conde, J., Muñoz-Arcentales, A., Romero, M., Rojo, J., Salvachúa, J., Huecas, G., & Alonso, Á. (2022) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2022.101723 · Cited by 56
DIGITAL TWINS - DEFINITIONS, CLASSES AND BUSINESS SCENARIOS FOR DIFFERENT INDUSTRY SECTORS
Wilking, F., Schleich, B., & Wartzack, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2021.129 · Cited by 43
“Many other publications such as (Kritzinger et al. , 2018; Rosen et al. , 2015) tried to establish application specific definitions to describe explicit situations in which a Digital Twin is providing benefits, e. g. for production.”
BackgroundA scalable digital platform for the use of digital twins in additive manufacturing
Scime, L., Singh, A., & Paquit, V. (2021) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.05.007 · Cited by 55
Digital Twin Technologies for Turbomachinery in a Life Cycle Perspective: A Review
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“Kritzinger [75] argued that production planning and control is the main data-sink that links everything together in the production system, thus processing production planning and control is a research focus of manufacturing DT.”
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Vom Handwerk zur individualisierten Serienfertigung
Mark, P., Lanza, G., Lordick, D., Albers, A., König, M., Borrmann, A., Stempniewski, L., Forman, P., Frey, A., Renz, R., et al. (2021) · Bautechnik · doi:10.1002/bate.202000110 · Cited by 43
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“According to Kritzinger et al. [8], DTs are distinguished from related concepts such as digital models and digital shadows with emphasis placed on the bidirectional exchange of data and influence between physical and virtual entities.”
InfluentialSantos, R., Piqueiro, H., Dias, R., & Rocha, C. D. (2024) · Computers & industrial engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2024.110616 · Cited by 42
Machine-learning based process monitoring for automated composites manufacturing
Mujtaba, A., Islam, F., Kaeding, P., Lindemann, T., & Prusty, B. G. (2023) · Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s10845-023-02282-2 · Cited by 50
“…to advancements in data processing and information technology, where the key enabling technologies for Industry 4.0 are listed as cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI) (Ahmadi et al., 2020) (Kritzinger et al., 2018) (Qinglin et al., 2021).”
InfluentialMüller-Zhang, Z., Kuhn, T., & Antonino, P. (2023) · Computers in industry (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2023.103933 · Cited by 42
A Bibliometric Analysis of Digital Twin in the Supply Chain
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“…paradigm towards smart manufacturing [88] 4276 Digital twin in manufacturing: a categorical literature review and classification [85] 4222 Digital twin and big data towards smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0: 360 degree comparison [83] 3811 A review of the roles of digital twin in CPS-based…”
InfluentialDigital Twin as a Service (DTaaS): A Platform for Digital Twin Developers and Users
Talasila, P., Gomes, C., Mikkelsen, P., Arboleda, S., Kamburjan, E., & Larsen, P. (2023) · 2023 IEEE Smart World Congress (SWC) · doi:10.1109/swc57546.2023.10448890 · Cited by 42
“[8] propose three subcategories of DTs: (i) Digital Model, in which PT and DT have no automated exchange of data, (ii) Digital Shadow, where PT emits data to the DT automatically and finally (iii) Digital Twin, in which case there exist a two-way automated data exchange between the DT and PT.”
MethodA standardized approach for measuring the performance and flexibility of digital twins
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“…DTs have entered the industrial world and have been intensively used in industries including the oil and gas (Wanasinghe et al. 2020), manufacturing (Kritzinger et al. 2018), construction (Opoku et al. 2021), aerospace (Phanden, Sharma, and Dubey 2021), and automotive sectors (Son et al. 2021).”
BackgroundDigital Twins and Industry 4.0 Technologies for Agricultural Greenhouses
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Digital twins’ implications for innovation
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“Digital twins di ff er from other related concepts in the level of data integration between the physical and digital counterparts, as they are fully integrated with real-time data exchange (Kritzinger et al. 2018).”
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Digital Twins for Water Distribution Systems
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“The use of digital twins has been reported in the manufacturing process [14] of the automotive and energy [15] or even aerospace and health [13] industries.”
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BackgroundAutomated extraction of structural beam lines and connections from point clouds of steel buildings
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“, 2011), and health status monitoring in real time (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
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“With this digital technology, the organisation make a replica of its machines, systems, processes, or even products (Kritzinger et al., 2018; SME Media Staff, 2017).”
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BackgroundMethodDing, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, K., Ding, H., Voß, S., Heilig, L., Chen, Y., & Chen, X. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Transportation · doi:10.1155/2023/6909801 · Cited by 46
“…used by NASA in 2012 to describe the simulation model of complex parts [17], several studies have focused on their applications in various areas, including smart manufacturing [18], maintenance [19], supply chain management [20], production logistics [21], and construction site logistics [22].”
Wagner, R., & Kabalska, A. (2022) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2474 · Cited by 40
AML4DT: A Model-Driven Framework for Developing and Maintaining Digital Twins with AutomationML
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“DSs represent a subset of DTs, which are only concerned with connecting the physical device to the virtual model, but not the other way round [13].”
BackgroundDigital Twin Strategies for SoS 4 Challenges and 4 Architecture Setups for Digital Twins of SoS
Borth, M., Verriet, J., & Muller, G. (2019) · International Symposium on Service Oriented Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/sysose.2019.8753860 · Cited by 40
“For some authors like Kritzinger et al., the level of data integration distinguishes different categories of digital twins [11].”
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“In this sense, the level of integration between the physical and digital worlds has been used to classify DT-based applications [14]: • Digital model : if there is any data exchange, it is done manually.”
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Qian, N., Chen, J.-J., Khan, A. M., Zhao, B., Chen, Y.-R., Ding, W.-F., Fu, Y.-C., & Xu, J.-H. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.1186/s10033-024-01002-y · Cited by 39
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BackgroundGeneration of synthetic manufacturing datasets for machine learning using discrete-event simulation
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A Transportation Digital-Twin Approach for Adaptive Traffic Control SystemsPreprint
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Digital Twins in Supply Chain Management: A Brief Literature Review
Marmolejo-Saucedo, J., Hurtado-Hernández, M., & Suarez-Valdes, R. (2019) · ICO · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33585-4_63 · Cited by 39
Ebrahimi, M., Baboli, A., & Rother, E. (2019) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.10.021 · Cited by 39
Reference architecture and ontology framework for digital twin construction
Schlenger, J., Pluta, K., Mathew, A., Yeung, T., Sacks, R., & Borrmann, A. (2025) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2025.106111 · Cited by 38
Enyejo, J. O., Fajana, O. P., Jok, I. S., Ihejirika, C. J., Awotiwon, B. O., & Olola, T. M. (2024) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24nov1344 · Cited by 76
“With this real-time insight, managers can reroute trucks to avoid delays caused by traffic congestion, thereby optimizing operational efficiency and reducing fuel consumption (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
Badakhshan, E., Mustafee, N., & Bahadori, R. (2024) · Computers & industrial engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2024.110649 · Cited by 38
Applications and challenges of digital twin intelligent sensing technologies for asphalt pavements
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Wang, C., & Feng, P. (2024) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105480 · Cited by 43
Enabling Spatial Digital Twins: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Research Directions
Ali, M. E., Cheema, M. A., Hashem, T., Ulhaq, A., & Babar, M. (2023) · PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science · doi:10.1007/s41064-024-00301-2 · Cited by 38
“The concept of the digital twin was introduced in 2002 as a mirror spaced model in a University of Michigan presentation to industry (Grieves and Vickers 2016), which was later included in NASA’s technology road map in 2010 (Piascik 2010).”
Realizing zero-waste value chains through digital twin-driven S&OP: A case of grocery retail
Sengupta, S., & Dreyer, H. C. (2023) · Computers in industry (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2023.103890 · Cited by 38
Robotic Cell Reliability Optimization Based on Digital Twin and Predictive Maintenance
Mourtzis, D., Tsoubou, S., & Angelopoulos, J. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12091999 · Cited by 38
Process-aware digital twin cockpit synthesis from event logs
Bano, D., Michael, J., Rumpe, B., Varga, S., & Weske, M. (2022) · Journal of Computer Languages · doi:10.1016/j.cola.2022.101121 · Cited by 38
“3) underspecified such as [27], where a digital twin is mainly defined via its automatic data flow from virtual to physical object but falls short on discussing the role of models and additional information, characteristics, and functionalities a digital twin has over its physical object; or”
BackgroundDigital Twin Enabling Technologies for Advancing Road Engineering and Lifecycle Applications
Yan, Y., Lei, N., Sun, L., Wang, Y., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.017 · Cited by 43
Development and Integration of a Digital Twin Model for a Real Hydroelectric Power Plant
Ersan, M., & Irmak, E. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24134174 · Cited by 39
“In manufacturing, they simulate production lines, predict maintenance needs, and enhance operational efficiency [7–9].”
BackgroundEnhancing e-government with a digital twin for innovation management
Anshari, M. F., & Hamdan, M. (2022) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-11-2021-0176 · Cited by 37
Augmented Reality and the Digital Twin: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives for Cybersecurity
Böhm, F., Dietz, M., Preindl, T., & Pernul, G. (2021) · Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy · doi:10.3390/jcp1030026 · Cited by 35
“However, an extensive study shows that the keyword “digital twin” is sufficient within an SLR to cover both DT approaches and approaches more related to one of the respective synonyms [30].”
BackgroundData-driven model updating of an offshore wind jacket substructure
Augustyn, D., Smolka, U., Tygesen, U. T., Ulriksen, M. D., & Sørensen, J. (2020) · Applied Ocean Research · doi:10.1016/j.apor.2020.102366 · Cited by 37
Digital Triplet Approach for Real-Time Monitoring and Control of an Elevator Security System
Gichane, M. M., Byiringiro, P. J. B., Chesang, A. K., Nyaga, P. M., Langat, R. K., Smajic, H., & Kiiru, C. W. (2020) · Designs · doi:10.3390/designs4020009 · Cited by 37
Murphy, A., Taylor, C., Acheson, C., Butterfield, J., Jin, Y., Higgins, P. L., Collins, R., & Higgins, C. (2020) · Robotics Comput. Integr. Manuf. · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101853 · Cited by 37
“Kritzinger et al. [37] also defines a Digital Shadow when there exists an automated one-way data flow between the physical system and digital representations and a Digital Twin when there is a fully integrated and bidirectional flow of data between the physical system and the digital…”
BackgroundInfluentialDigital twins in food processing: A conceptual approach to developing multi-layer digital models
Udugama, I. A., Kelton, W. J., & Bayer, C. (2023) · Digital Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.dche.2023.100087 · Cited by 37
Foresighted digital twin for situational agent selection in production control
May, M., Overbeck, L., Wurster, M., Kuhnle, A., & Lanza, G. (2021) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.005 · Cited by 37
Torrecilla-García, J. A., Pardo-Ferreira, M., & Rubio-Romero, J. (2021) · Dirección y Organización · doi:10.37610/dyo.v0i74.600 · Cited by 37
“, 2017), their potential industrial applications are almost infinite (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDigital Twins in Critical Care: What, When, How, Where, Why?
Chase, J., Zhou, C., Knopp, J., Shaw, G., Näswall, K., Wong, J., Malinen, S., Moeller, K., Benyó, B., Chiew, Y., et al. (2021) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.274 · Cited by 37
Towards a digital twin for manufacturing processes: applicability on laser welding
Papacharalampopoulos, A., Stavropoulos, P., & Petrides, D. (2020) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.05.020 · Cited by 37
Venkateswarlu, N., & Sathiyamoorthy, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2025.1523464 · Cited by 49
Metadata
- Authors
- Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Austria (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Kritzinger, Werner
- Venue
- IFAC-PapersOnLine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1016-1022
- ISSN
- 2405-8963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2890904471
- Cited by
- 3,612
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 761 · 2025: 639 · 2024: 576 · 2023: 577 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 128.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFAC-PapersOnLine (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
- Keywords
- digital twin, manufacturing industry, digital models, digital shadow, digital transformation, terminology, levels of integration
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