The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Open accessAbstract
The Digital Twin (DT) is commonly known as a key enabler for the digital transformation, however, in literature is no common understanding concerning this term. It is used slightly different over the disparate disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide a categorical literature review of the DT in manufacturing and to classify existing publication according to their level of integration of the DT. Therefore, it is distinct between Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin. The results are showing, that literature concerning the highest development stage, the DT, is scarce, whilst there is more literature about DM and DS.
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“a single process [34,36,44,45]”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Dealing with a constant flux of data makes it also possible to apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to IoT systems based on Digital Twin [51][52][53] [54].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
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6 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Evolution at the Core of Digital Twin Engineering
Alskaif, T., Babur, Ö., Bordeleau, F., Cleophas, L., Combemale, B., Denil, J., Haugen, Ø., Michael, J., Nguyen, P., Seceleanu, T., et al. (2025) · 2025 ACM/IEEE 28th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C) · doi:10.1109/models-c68889.2025.00119 · Cited by 19
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Zhu, J., Yang, Y., Xi, M., Ji, S., Jia, L., & Hu, T. (2025) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2025.100942 · Cited by 10
Hayat, F., Adnan, M., Iqbal, M. S., Mohamed, S. E. G., & Tariq, M. H. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107148 · Cited by 22
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Technology Modules Providing Solutions for Agile Manufacturing
Deniša, M., Ude, A., Simonič, M., Kaarlela, T., Pitkäaho, T., Pieskä, S., Ārents, J., Judvaitis, J., Ozols, K., Raj, L., et al. (2023) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines11090877 · Cited by 19
Leeming, R., Mahmud, T., Roberts, K., George, N., Webb, J., Simone, E., & Brown, C. J. (2023) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00371 · Cited by 19
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Inamura, T. (2023) · International Journal of Automation Technology · doi:10.20965/ijat.2023.p0284 · Cited by 19
Hammerschmid, M., Rosenfeld, D. C., Bartik, A., Benedikt, F., Fuchs, J., & Müller, S. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16062641 · Cited by 21
Visartsakul, B., & Damrianant, J. (2023) · Engineering Journal · doi:10.4186/ej.2023.27.1.11 · Cited by 19
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Air Quality Management: An Exemplar for Model-Driven Digital Twin Engineering
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Noichl, F., Braun, A., & Borrmann, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 European Conference on Computing in Construction · doi:10.35490/ec3.2021.166 · Cited by 19
“While this concept originated from the field of mechanical engineering (Kritzinger et al. 2018), it is expected to have a significant impact in the AEC sector (Sacks, Brilakis, Pikas, Xie & Girolami 2020).”
BackgroundGlobal Challenges of Digital Transformation of Markets: Collaboration and Digital Assets
Yadykin, V., Barykin, S., Badenko, V., Bolshakov, N., de la Poza, E., & Fedotov, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131910619 · Cited by 19
Perno, M., Hvam, L., & Haug, A. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/ieem45057.2020.9309745 · Cited by 19
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“Another central feature is the bidirectional data exchange between the virtual and physical world [11].”
BackgroundDigital twins in smart farming: An autoware-based simulator for autonomous agricultural vehicles
Zhao, X., Wang, W., Wen, L., Chen, Z., Wu, S., Zhou, K., Sun, M.-Y., Xu, L., Hu, B., & Wu, C. (2023) · International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering · doi:10.25165/j.ijabe.20231604.8039 · Cited by 19
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Ruzsa, C. (2021) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2021.07.032 · Cited by 19
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Arshad, H. T., Wang, Z., Ji, T., & Peng, T. (2025) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.06.191 · Cited by 15
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Oditallah, M., Alam, M., Palaneeswaran, E., & Ranjha, S. A. (2025) · Infrastructures · doi:10.3390/infrastructures10030064 · Cited by 19
“A DT A DT utilises the best available data, sensor readings, and other pertinent information to replicate its physical counterpart accurately. utilises the best available data, sensor readings, and pertinent information to replicate its physical counterpart accurately.”
Sugiyama, G., Bourgeois, I., & Rodrigues, H. (2025) · Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.daach.2024.e00390 · Cited by 18
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“24 The findings of the literature review 24 indicated that the majority of projects and concepts do not reach the level of integration associated with a DT.”
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“DTs were proposed as a virtual representation of a physical asset, usually called the Physical Twin (PT), with enabled bi-directional communication 1 , in comparison with their downgraded versions, Digital Models (with no communication at all) and Digital Shadows (DSs) (with unidirectional…”
Digital Twin concept and architecture for fleets of hydrogen electrolysers
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Kamburjan, E., Sieve, R., Baramashetru, C. P., Amato, M., Barmina, G., Occhipinti, E., & Johnsen, E. B. (2024) · International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS) · doi:10.1145/3643915.3644108 · Cited by 15
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BackgroundDigital Twin Prototypes for Supporting Automated Integration Testing of Smart Farming Applications
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“A key contribution to this field, particularly in understanding digital twins, comes from Kritzinger et al. [11], who highlighted the critical role of the physical object in the development of digital twins, marking a significant milestone in the categorization and comprehension of this technology.”
InfluentialOnline simulation at machine level: a systematic review
Deubert, D., Klingel, L., & Selig, A. (2024) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-024-13065-1 · Cited by 18
“According to Kritzinger [35], a digital twin must have bidirectional automatic data flow between the real asset and the virtual counterpart.”
Christ, L., Milloch, E., Boshoff, M., Hypki, A., & Kuhlenkötter, B. (2023) · Automation · doi:10.3390/automation4040020 · Cited by 18
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Real-time optimization for a Digital Twin of a robotic cell with human operators
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Elbasheer, M., Longo, F., Mirabelli, G., Nicoletti, L., Padovano, A., & Solina, V. (2022) · IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1049/cim2.12066 · Cited by 18
Physics-aware machine learning surrogates for real-time manufacturing digital twin
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“For example, a failure report can take the form of a table, in which certain fields [46] [47] [43] [45] [42] [46] [48] [9] [45] [9] [49] [50] are filled with free textual input.”
BackgroundDigital twin support for laser-based assembly assistance
Meier, N., Muller-Polyzou, R., Brach, L., & Georgiadis, A. (2021) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.066 · Cited by 18
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BackgroundRelations of Digital Twin Fidelity and Benefits: A Design-to-Value Approach
Kober, C., Algan, B. N., Fette, M., & Wulfsberg, J. (2023) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.03.126 · Cited by 18
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Álvares, A. J., Rodriguez, E., & Figueroa, B. S. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13082335 · Cited by 17
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“One of the unexpected observations of this study is the strong alignment of the notion of a digital twin with the classical definitions Kritzinger et al. [42].”
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“When the concept of the DT was first proposed a decade ago, technological limitations prevented its immediate implementation, and intermediate concepts like the digital model (DM) and the digital shadow (DS) were developed and put into practice (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
InfluentialEumi, E. M. (2024) · Decision Analytics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dajour.2024.100502 · Cited by 17
Requirements and Design Architecture for Digital Twin End-to-End Trustworthiness
Bicocchi, N., Fogli, M., Giannelli, C., Picone, M., & Virdis, A. (2024) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2024.3376439 · Cited by 21
Kostavelis, I., Nalpantidis, L., Detry, R. J., Bruyninckx, H., Billard, A., Schlette, C., Bosch, M., Andronikidis, K., Lund-Nielsen, H., Yosefipor, P., et al. (2024) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.16601.1 · Cited by 20
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Congès, A., Breard, L., Patruno, W., Ouro-Sao, A., Salatgé, N., Fertier, A., Lauras, M., Graham, J. L., & Bénaben, F. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104002 · Cited by 32
Jeong, J.-S., & Lee, H.-S. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13148143 · Cited by 17
Offline digital twin for simulation and assessment of product surface quality
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“As a result, the industry is continually on the lookout for a solution that allows products to be tracked and monitored throughout their full life cycle to save time and money [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialA Survey of Advanced Information Fusion System: from Model-Driven to Knowledge-Enabled
Zhu, D., Yin, H., Xu, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, B., Cheng, Y., Yin, Z., Yu, Z., Wen, H., & Li, B. (2023) · Data Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41019-023-00209-8 · Cited by 17
“1 3 realizes the visual display of product manufacturing [38].”
BackgroundSjöberg, A., Önnheim, M., Frost, O., Cronrath, C., Gustavsson, E., Lennartson, B., & Jirstrand, M. (2023) · Journal of manufacturing systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.11.011 · Cited by 17
“The concept of a Digital Twin in manufacturing [1,2] has emerged in the light of the advances of the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing [3].”
BackgroundAn Outlook of Digital Twins in Offensive Military Cyber Operations
Maathuis, C. (2022) · European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics · doi:10.34190/eciair.4.1.765 · Cited by 17
“Specifically, Kritzinger et al. (2018) and Cimino, Negri and Furnagalli (2019) focus on analysing the application in manufacturing for simulating and optimizing production systems through element-level and whole assembly virtualization handling aspects like functionality, maintenance, safety, and…”
BackgroundMaddahi, Y., & Chen, S.-Q. (2022) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds1010003 · Cited by 17
“Industries such as manufacturing [1], automotive [2], and energy [3] sectors are using digital twins for their ability to address multidisciplinary problems.”
BackgroundLongo, F., Mirabelli, G., Solina, V., Alberto, U., Paola, G. D., Giordano, L., & Ziparo, M. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157614 · Cited by 24
“It “is a digital representation of an existing or planned physical object that does not use any form of automated data exchange between the physical object and the digital object” [11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKunzer, B. E., Berges, M., & Dubrawski, A. (2022) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.10462 · Cited by 17
“[34] is another frequently cited review of digital twin use in industrial manufacturing.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInference of Simulation Models in Digital Twins by Reinforcement Learning
Dávid, I., Galasso, J., & Syriani, E. (2021) · 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C) · doi:10.1109/models-c53483.2021.00038 · Cited by 17
“Simulation methods are among the most referred techniques in DT concepts [7].”
MethodTowards a Framework for the Classification of Digital Twins and their Applications
Pronost, G., Mayer, F., Marche, B., Camargo, M., & Dupont, L. (2021) · International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation · doi:10.1109/ice/itmc52061.2021.9570114 · Cited by 17
“In recent years, interest in DTs has been growing, and their uses are being explored in various phases of the life cycle from the early design [3], [4] to the use [5] and disposal phase, but also in very different sectors such as production [6], [7], medicine [8], maintenance [9], ...”
BackgroundThe Forging of Autonomic and Cooperating Digital Twins
Rivera, L. F. Z., Jiménez, M., Villegas, N. M., Tamura, G., & Müller, H. A. (2021) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3051902 · Cited by 18
Usage of Digital Twins Along a Typical Process Development Cycle
Sinner, P., Daume, S., Herwig, C., & Kager, J. (2020) · Advances in biochemical engineering, biotechnology · doi:10.1007/10_2020_149 · Cited by 28
“An essential step hereby is a virtual or digital representation of the physical asset, the so-called Digital Twin [1].”
BackgroundMethodSujová, E., Vysloužilová, D., Čierna, H., & Bambura, R. (2020) · MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.21062/mft.2020.064 · Cited by 17
Application cases of biological transformation in manufacturing technology
Bergs, T., Schwaneberg, U., Barth, S., Hermann, L., Grunwald, T., Mayer, S., Biermann, F., & Sözer, N. (2020) · CIRP journal of manufacturing science and technology · doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.09.010 · Cited by 27
Applying Digital Twin Technology in Higher Education: An Automation Line Case Study
Eriksson, K. M., Alsaleh, A., Far, S. B., & Stjern, D. (2022) · Advances in transdisciplinary engineering · doi:10.3233/atde220165 · Cited by 35
“IoT, cloud computing and big data analysis are advances, which are critical and complementary parts of DTs [13].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAzangoo, M., Sorsamäki, L., Sierla, S., Mätäsniemi, T., Rantala, M., Rainio, K., & Vyatkin, V. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3178424 · Cited by 23
“According to Kritzinger’s definition [3], the digital model (D6) converts to a digital twin (D8) not until there is a two-way interconnection (D7) between the physical and digital system.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSetting up a Digital Twin Assisted Greenhouse Architecture
Kantaros, A., & Piromalis, D. (2022) · American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajeassp.2022.230.238 · Cited by 17
Towards a Family of Digital Model/Shadow/Twin Workflows and Architectures
Paredis, R., Gomes, C., & Vangheluwe, H. (2021) · International Conference on Innovative Intelligent Industrial Production and Logistics · doi:10.5220/0010717600003062 · Cited by 17
“Despite the many surveys on the topic (Rosen et al., 2015; Negri et al., 2017; Kritzinger et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2018; Park et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019; Aivaliotis et al., 2019; Kutin et al., 2019; a https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-1975 b https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-9742 c…”
BackgroundGenerative AI-Driven Digital Twin in the Manufacturing Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
Fu, X., Qin, M., Pace, P., Savaglio, C., Li, W., & Fortino, G. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3655343 · Cited by 13
“However, this increased cost is justified by its superior scalability and the substantial operational value derived from deep system integration and real-time robustness [41], [42].”
A Digital Twin Approach to Sustainable Disaster Management: Case of Cayirova
Korkmaz, M., Akyildiz, Y. E., Demirkesen, S., Toprak, S., Nowak, P., & Ciftci, B. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17219626 · Cited by 16
Afshari, A., Lee, J., & Besenski, D. (2025) · Infrastructures · doi:10.3390/infrastructures10080204 · Cited by 16
Bjørnskov, J., Thomsen, A., & Jradi, M. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125597 · Cited by 16
Mrosla, L., Fabritius, H., Kupper, K., Dembski, F., & Fricker, P. (2025) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2025.111091 · Cited by 21
Resman, M., Herakovič, N., & Debevec, M. (2025) · Syst. · doi:10.3390/systems13030180 · Cited by 16
Maksimović, M., Jokić, S., & Boskovic, M. C. (2025) · Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s41660-024-00478-4 · Cited by 26
“Similarly, Kritzinger et al. (2018) divided DT into three subcategories in terms of the degree of data integration.”
The State of the Art of Digital Twins in Health - A Quick Review of the Literature
El-Warrak, L., & de Farias, C. D. (2024) · De Computis · doi:10.3390/computers13090228 · Cited by 16
Automated data transfer for digital twin applications: Two case studies
Molin, H., Wärff, C., Lindblom, E., Arnell, M., Carlsson, B., Mattsson, P., Bäckman, J., & Jeppsson, U. (2024) · Water environment research · doi:10.1002/wer.11074 · Cited by 16
“Applications range from production planning and control, maintenance, and layout planning to product design and smart manufacturing (Kritzinger et al., 2018).”
Digital twin-based virtual modeling of the Poyang Lake wetland landscapes
Chen, H., Xiao, X., Chen, C., Chen, M., Li, C., Lu, K., Lin, H., & Fang, C. (2024) · Environmental Modelling & Software · doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106168 · Cited by 16
Qu, H., Chen, J.-H., & Cai, Y. (2024) · Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s10845-024-02431-1 · Cited by 16
“Digital twins in the industrial field can meet the forward-looking needs of full product lifecycle management and enable product design, manufacturing, service, and other product lifecycle activities to be carried out efficiently (Kritzinger et al., 2018; Lo et al., 2021).”
An Effective Digital Twin Modeling Method for Infrastructure: Application to Smart Pumping Stations
Feng, F., Liu, Z.-S., Shi, G.-L., & Mo, Y.-C. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14040863 · Cited by 16
“In terms of general modeling techniques, Kritzinger et al. [50] reviewed the most important techniques for digital twin modeling, such as virtual reality, augmented reality, big data, etc. Zhou et al. [51] proposed a generic framework for knowledge-driven digital twin manufacturing units for smart…”
MethodA Virtual Environment for Collaborative Inspection in Additive Manufacturing
Chheang, V., Weston, B., Cerda, R., Au, B., Giera, B., Bremer, P., & Miao, H.-C. (2024) · CHI Extended Abstracts · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650730 · Cited by 16
“In recent years, there has been a growing interest in creating virtual analogous physical components, e.g., digital twins, to aid the overall AM process [2, 13].”
BackgroundDigital Twins and Civil Engineering Phases: Reorienting Adoption Strategies
Adebiyi, T. A., Ajenifuja, N. A., & Zhang, R. (2024) · Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4066181 · Cited by 26
“First is a hierarchical classification based on the level of integration given by Kritzinger et al. [19].”
BackgroundProduction digital twin: a systematic literature review of challenges
Kerrouchi, S., Aghezzaf, E., & Cottyn, J. (2024) · International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2024.2314792 · Cited by 22
“Despite the increase in publications on the digital twin subject, only a few of them are literature reviews, as reviewed by Kritzinger et al. (2018) and Jones et al. (2020).”
Ströbel, R., Bott, A., Wortmann, A., & Fleischer, J. (2023) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines11111032 · Cited by 16
“They are typically built by combining data from sensors, models and other sources to represent the physical system digitally [35].”
Digital Twins for Cyber-Biophysical Systems: Challenges and Lessons Learned
Dávid, I., Archambault, P., Wolak, Q., Vu, C. V., Lalonde, T., Riaz, K., Syriani, E., & Sahraoui, H. A. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS) · doi:10.1109/models58315.2023.00014 · Cited by 22
“A human-actuated digital twin is different from what some authors call a “Digital Shadow” [13]: our digital twin provides actuation instructions, but the actuation is carried out by human stakeholders who can confirm that safety criteria are met.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Austria (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Kritzinger, Werner
- Venue
- IFAC-PapersOnLine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1016-1022
- ISSN
- 2405-8963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2890904471
- Cited by
- 3,612
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 761 · 2025: 639 · 2024: 576 · 2023: 577 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 128.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFAC-PapersOnLine (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
- Keywords
- digital twin, manufacturing industry, digital models, digital shadow, digital transformation, terminology, levels of integration
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