Dirofilaria spp. infection in cats from the Mediterranean basin: diagnosis and epidemiology
Open accessAbstract
• We provide updates on the epidemiology of feline dirofilariosis in the Mediterranean basin. • Overall, 3.8% (i.e., 41/1,083) of cats scored positive for Dirofilaria spp. • Dirofilaria immitis mainly circulates in cats from Mediterranean islands. • Nematode positivity was statistically associated with hyporexia/anorexia. • Monthly chemoprophylaxis also is recommended for cats living in endemic areas. Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens , causing heartworm disease and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively, are zoonotic mosquito-borne filarioids infecting a plethora of hosts including cats. Only fragmented data are available on the diagnosis and epidemiology of feline dirofilariosis. We assessed the occurrence of both nematode infections, their risk factors and clinicopathological abnormalities in cats, from six countries of the Mediterranean Basin. In addition, Wolbachia spp. endosymbionts were assessed in Dirofilaria spp.-positive animals. Blood and sera samples were obtained from cats with outdoor access from Spain ( n = 354), Portugal ( n = 287), Italy ( n = 125), Greece ( n = 116), Israel ( n = 101) and France ( n = 100). Cat sera were tested by both direct antigenic (SNAP test, commercial ELISA kit) and indirect antibodies (in-house ELISA) serological tools, and blood samples by real time and conventional PCR targeting Dirofilaria spp. DNA, followed by sequencing. A statistical analysis was run to assess the link between Dirofilaria spp. infection and independent variables, as well as among feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and/or feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) co-infections, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Overall, 3.8% (i.e., 41/1,083) cats scored positive for Dirofilaria spp. infection with prevalences ranging from 2% in Israel to 7.8% in Greece. Of the 41 positive cats, 16 were infected by D. immitis (by SNAP test and/or PCR) and two by D. repens (by PCR); the remaining animals were antibody-positive for Dirofilaria spp. using the in-house ELISA. Wolbachia DNA was detected in one D. immitis -infected cat. Nematode positivity was significantly associated with age, breed, hyporexia, dandruff, and dyspnoea. This study provides data on the prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. infection in cats from the Mediterranean Basin, as well as new insights on its diagnosis, revealing the importance of performing strategic chemoprophylactic treatments for cats living in areas where the infection is endemic in dogs.
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Age is not necessarily associated with a greater risk of infection per unit of time, but prevalence tends to increase with host age, most likely reflecting cumulative exposure over time in endemic areas.
“Likewise, although age is not necessarily associated with a greater risk of infection per unit of time, prevalence tends to increase with host age, most likely reflecting cumulative exposure over time in endemic areas (4, 5, 8–13).”
From Deciphering the socio-environmental factors associated with realized heartworm transmission risk in dogs from Portugal and Spain (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results table (p. 5) does not show prevalence increasing with age: positivity is 3.7% in young cats, 5.6% in adults, and 2% in seniors. The Results (p. 6) find an association with age, but the paper does not assess infection risk per unit time or attribute the age pattern to cumulative exposure. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the Balearic Islands, insularity, host density, and persistence of wetland environments may contribute to sustained transmission.
“Similarly, in the Balearic Islands, insularity, host density, and the persistence of wetland environments may contribute to sustained transmission, in agreement with recent seroprevalence studies from the area (3, 9, 25).”
From Deciphering the socio-environmental factors associated with realized heartworm transmission risk in dogs from Portugal and Spain (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The discussion on p. 7 reports high D. immitis prevalence in cats on Ibiza and suggests that stable pet populations and humid conditions suitable for mosquitoes may favor infection on Mediterranean islands. It does not identify host density or the persistence of wetland environments as contributing factors in the Balearic Islands. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Carbonara, M., Perles, L., Venco, L., Gabrielli, S., Barrs, V. R., Miró, G., Papadopoulos, E., Lima, C., Bouhsira, E., Baneth, G., Pantchev, N., Iatta, R., Mendoza-Roldan, J. A., Decaro, N., Schunack, B., Benelli, G., & Otranto, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- IDEXX Laboratories (Germany) (DE)
- Elanco Animal Health (Germany) (DE)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Otranto, Domenico
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal for Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-05
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 317-325
- ISSN
- 0020-7519 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4407087292
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8
- FWCI
- 9.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal for Parasitology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CityU Scholars (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission (PE00000007)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2020.07306)
- Elanco Animal Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, heartworm disease, Mediterranean basin, prevalence, serological diagnosis, PCR detection, Wolbachia endosymbiont, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, co-infection, risk factors, anorexia, chemoprophylaxis, Mediterranean islands, Portugal
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Helminth, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Male, Risk Factors, Mediterranean Region, Wolbachia, Coinfection, Dirofilaria repens
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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