Specific IgG antibody response against antigens of Dirofilaria immitis and its Wolbachia endosymbiont bacterium in cats with natural and experimental infections
Abstract
Sera from three groups of cats under different experimental conditions were studied by ELISA to assess the host's immune response against synthetic peptides derived from Dirofilaria immitis (Dipp) and against the surface protein of its endosymbiont, Wolbachia (WSPr). In experimentally infected cats (Group 1), an increase of IgG antibody against both Dipp and WSPr was observed from 2 months post-infection until the end of the study, 6 months post-infection. In experimentally infected cats, treated against infective larvae (Group 2), anti-Dipp IgG decreased dramatically from 4 months post-infection (3 months post treatment), showing very low values till the end of the study (6.5 months from infection, 5.5 months from treatment), while anti-WSP IgG increased constantly till the end of the study. Of 49 outdoor, asymptomatic cats exposed to a high risk of natural infection (Group 3), 9 were positive for anti-Dipp IgG and for a validated, in-clinic commercial antibody diagnostic kit for cats. Two cats were also found positive for circulating antigens of adult female worm. Anti-WSPr IgG were found in five of nine anti-Dipp IgG-positive sera and from eight ELISADipp-negative sera. Our results confirm the strong IgG response in heartworm infected cats and demonstrate the involvement of the Wolbachia endosymbiont in the immune reaction to the parasite both in experimentally infected cats and in cats exposed to a high risk of natural infection.
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On the island of Gran Canaria, two seroepidemiologic studies show an increase of feline dirofilariasis prevalence from 18.3 to 33% between 2004 and 2011.
“Regarding feline dirofilariasis, on the island of Gran Canaria two seroepidemiologic studies show an increase of the prevalence from 18.3 to 33% between 2004 and 2011 (Morchón et al., 2004; Montoya-Alonso et al., 2011).”
From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Morchón et al., 2004
All studies concluded that presence of feline seropositivity was linked to presence of canine heartworm.
“Furthermore, all studies concluded that the presence of feline seropositivity was linked to the presence of canine heartworm.”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [120]
The presence of circulating Wolbachia species antigens and anti-Wolbachia antibodies has been associated in experimentally infected cats with an inflammatory reaction in the host tissues that affects respiratory function.
“the presence of circulating Wolbachia species antigens and anti-Wolbachia antibodies has been associated in experimentally infected cats with an inflammatory reaction in the host tissues that affects respiratory function.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
In the Canary Islands, two seroepidemiological studies showed an increase in feline dirofilariasis prevalences from 18.3% to 33% between 2004 and 2011.
“In the Canary Islands, two seroepidemiological studies showed an increase in feline dirofilariasis prevalences from 18.3% to 33% be-tween 2004 and 2011 (281, 289).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [289]
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สัจจาวงศ์วาณิชย์, ห., พฤฒิวทัญญู, ก., & สิริยะเสถียร, เ. (2018) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2018.1084
Diagnosis and Treatment of Dirofilaria immitis in Two Cats From Italy
Carbonara, M., Venco, L., Bossolini, E., Roncetti, G., Barrs, V. R., & Otranto, D. (2025) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.70394
García-Rodríguez, S. N., Matos, J. I., García-Guasch, L., Mohr-Peraza, E., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., & Carretón, E. (2026) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci13020186
Morchón, R., Gil-Abad, A., González-Mohino, E. I., Collado-Cuadrado, M., la Puente, A. B., Castro-Seriche, S., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., Carretón, E., & Rodríguez-Escolar, I. (2026) · Current Research in Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2026.100403
Self-citationVera-Rodríguez, D. J., Morchón, R., Morales, B. R., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., Carretón, E., & Costa-Rodríguez, N. (2026) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-026-07505-y
Self-citation
- Authors
- Morchón, R., Ferreira, A. C., Martín-Pacho, J. R., Montoya, A., Mortarino, M., Genchi, C., & Simón, F.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Salamanca (ES)
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ES)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Genchi, C.
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 313-321
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2026614758
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria immitis, heartworm infection, cats, Wolbachia endosymbiont, IgG antibody response, experimental infection, natural infection, synthetic peptide antigen, surface proteins, asymptomatic infection, host-parasite immune interaction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anthelmintics, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antibodies, Helminth, Antibody Specificity, Antigens, Helminth, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Heart, Immunoglobulin G, Ivermectin, Male, Peptide Fragments, Pulmonary Artery, Wolbachia
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