Feline heartworm disease: A clinical review
Open accessAbstract
Feline heartworm disease is caused by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis, and is transmitted by mosquitoes in heartworm-endemic areas worldwide. While dogs are the definitive hosts for this parasite, cats can also be infected, and the overall prevalence in cats is between 5% and 10% of that in dogs in any given area. The spectrum of feline presentations varies from asymptomatic infections to chronic respiratory signs, sometimes accompanied by chronic vomiting to acute death with no premonitory signs. Ante-mortem diagnosis can be challenging and relies on a combination of tests, including antigen and antibody serology, thoracic radiography and echocardiography. As treatment with heartworm adulticidal drugs can be life-threatening and heartworm infection in cats is often self-limiting, infected cats are frequently managed with supportive treatment (corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and anti-emetics). Surgical removal of filariae using extraction devices may be considered in some acute cases where immediate curative treatment is necessary, but filarial breakage during the procedure may result in an acute fatal shock-like reaction. Necropsy findings are mainly pulmonary and include muscular hypertrophy of the pulmonary arteries and arterioles on histopathology. A number of safe and effective macrocytic lactone drugs are available for prophylaxis in cats. These drugs can kill a range of larval and adult life-cycle stage heartworms, which may be advantageous in cases of owner compliance failure or when heartworm infection status is undetermined at the time prophylaxis is commenced. An index of suspicion for feline heartworm disease is warranted in unprotected cats with respiratory signs, and perhaps chronic vomiting, in areas where canine heartworm disease is endemic. Many cats, once diagnosed and with appropriate supportive care and monitoring, will resolve their infection and be free of clinical signs.
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Cats are less suitable hosts than dogs, so fewer larvae develop into adults and adult worms have a shorter lifespan.
“Although cats can be infected, they are less suitable hosts than dogs, so less larvae develop into adults and adult worms have a shorter lifespan.”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Infections with even a single worm can have fatal consequences and present high mortality rates in cats.
“However, infections with even a single worm can have fatal consequences and present high mortality rates in the cat (3, 4).”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Severe pathological and life-threatening changes despite low parasite load of one to six adult worms per cat can be found early in cats.
“Severe pathological and life-threatening changes despite low parasite load of one to six adult worms per cat can be found early in cats [9].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Antibody tests are suitable to assess the infection risk within a feline population.
“Antibody tests are suitable to assess the infection risk within a feline population”
From First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain) (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Antibody tests detect antibodies produced by the host in response to infection, become positive after 2-3 months from infection in the prepatent phase, can remain positive long after the death of the parasite, and do not differentiate a current or a past infection.
“these detect antibodies produced by the host in response to infection and become positive after 2-3 months from infection, in the prepatent phase; however, they can remain positive for a long time after the death of the parasite and therefore do not differentiate a current or a past infection [4,18].”
From First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain) (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Litster, A. L., & Atwell, R. B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Litster, Annette L.
- Venue
- Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-144
- ISSN
- 1098-612X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2750
- PMC
- PMC10911211
- OpenAlex
- W2158393053
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- feline heartworm disease, Dirofilaria immitis, cats, mosquito-borne transmission, clinical features, antemortem diagnosis, echocardiography, supportive therapy, surgical extraction, autopsy findings, respiratory signs, chronic vomiting
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Female, Filaricides, Insect Vectors, Life Cycle Stages, Male, Mosquito Control, Culicidae, Patient Compliance, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Treatment Failure
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