The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 107 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 35 of the 75 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Objective Disease containment of COVID-19 has necessitated widespread social isolation. We aimed to establish what is known about how loneliness and disease containment measures impact on the mental health in children and adolescents. Method For this rapid review, we searched MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Web of Science for articles published between January 1, 1946, and March 29, 2020. Results A total of 83 articles (80 studies) met inclusion criteria. Social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of depression, and possibly anxiety, in children and adolescents.
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Claims the paper makes
18 Own result · 16 No basis given · 14 No full text of the sources · 13 Own method · 12 Partly supported · 11 Not checked yet · 10 Supported · 9 Own interpretation · 6 Sources not found · 3 Supported so far · 2 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“already at higher risk of developing mental health problems compared to adults3”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Deighton, 2019, Prevalence of mental health problems in schools: poverty and other risk factors among 28 000 adolescents in England, Br J Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports mental health problems among adolescents and factors associated with increased odds within that group. The paper does not compare children or adolescents with adults, so it does not support the claimed higher risk relative to adults. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There are well established links between loneliness and mental health.8”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Wang, 2017, Social isolation in mental health: a conceptual and methodological review, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
The Introduction reports prior studies identifying associations between loneliness and depression, suicidal behaviour, personality disorders, and psychoses. That supports the broad claim of established links between loneliness and mental health, without implying that the links are causal. (LLM, conf=0.91)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Quarantine in adults generally has negative psychological effects including confusion, anger, and posttraumatic distress.1 , 2”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Brooks, 2020, The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence, Lancet source
In “The psychological impact of quarantine” (page not specified), the review reports a high prevalence of psychological distress among quarantined people and identifies confusion, anger, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Its comparisons of quarantined and non-quarantined groups also report elevated stress-related symptoms in adult groups. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [2] Hossain
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Three of the four studies that examined the longitudinal effect of loneliness on anxiety found that loneliness was associated with later anxiety.63 , 71 , 78”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] Danneel, 2019, Internalizing problems in adolescence: linking loneliness, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms over time, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
The Conclusion (page unavailable) reports a reciprocal longitudinal association between loneliness and social anxiety symptoms across three adolescent samples. This supports citing the paper as one study finding that loneliness was associated with later anxiety; the three-of-four tally is the citing authors’ synthesis of multiple studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [71] Mak, 2018, The role of family for youth friendships: examining a social anxiety mechanism, J Youth Adolesc source
The Results report that loneliness at T1 was associated with increased social anxiety at T2, and loneliness at T2 with increased social anxiety at T3. Mak et al. therefore supports its role as one of the cited studies finding a longitudinal association, although the latter association was significant for boys but not girls. This paper alone does not establish the citing sentence’s count of three out of four studies. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Wang, 2020, Family dysfunction and adolescents' anxiety and depression: a multiple mediation model, J Appl Dev Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the single study that reported odds ratios, being lonely was associated with increased odds of being anxious by 1.63 to 5.49 times.51”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [51] Stickley, 2016, Loneliness and its association with psychological and somatic health problems among Czech, Russian and U.S. adolescents, BMC Psychiatry source
The Results section, under “Adolescent loneliness and psychological and somatic health,” reports higher odds of anxiety symptoms among lonely adolescents, with odds ratios from 1.63 to 5.49 using the common cross-country cut-off. It notes an exception for Russian females when a country-specific cut-off was used. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with preliminary unpublished data emerging from China during the COVID-19 pandemic, where children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years are commonly displaying behavioral manifestations of anxiety, including clinginess, distraction, fear of asking questions about the pandemic, and irritability.83”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [83] Jiao, 2020, Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic, J Pediatr source
The ‘Early Investigation of Chinese Children's Behavioral and Emotional Reactions to COVID-19’ section reports unpublished preliminary data from 320 children and adolescents aged 3–18 in Shaanxi Province. It identifies all four listed behaviors as the most common psychological and behavioral problems in that group. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“although other studies that assessed loneliness during childhood found evidence that it is associated with subsequent depression.61 , 64”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Boivin, 1995, The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood, Dev Psychopathol source
- Supportedcites [64] Fontaine, 2009, Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence, Dev Psychopathol source
The Discussion reports that childhood loneliness was associated with anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence across separate developmental time points. The Conclusion adds that loneliness uniquely accounted for variance in subsequent anxious/depressed symptoms. The paper measures a combined symptom outcome, not a clinical depression diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“meaning that the association between loneliness and mental health outcomes in these studies is very likely to be inflated.16”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] Westfall, 2016, Statistically controlling for confounding constructs is harder than you think, PLoS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion explain that imperfectly measured confounders can distort regression estimates and produce false claims of an independent association. The paper does not examine loneliness, mental-health outcomes, or the cited cross-sectional studies, so it does not establish that their associations are very likely inflated. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One study of young adolescents found differences by sex, with loneliness being associated with later social anxiety in male participants but not female participants.71”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] Mak, 2018, The role of family for youth friendships: examining a social anxiety mechanism, J Youth Adolesc source
The Results report that loneliness at T2 was associated with increased social anxiety at T3 for boys (β = .22, p < .001), but not girls (β = .02, p = .71). The Discussion likewise describes this as a longitudinal gender difference. The supplied passages do not include page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Negative associations were reported between social isolation/loneliness and well-being26 , 27 and mental health.50”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Heredia, 2017, The influence of loneliness and interpersonal relations on Latina/o Middle School Students’ Wellbeing, J Latinos Educ source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Houghton, 2016, It hurts to be lonely! Loneliness and positive mental wellbeing in Australian rural and urban adolescents, Journal Psychol Counsel Sch source
- Supportedcites [50] Stacciarini, 2015, Rural Latinos' mental wellbeing: a mixed-methods pilot study of family, environment and social isolation factors, Community Ment Health J source
The Results (Quantitative Results) report negative correlations between social isolation and mental health among both mothers and adolescents. The citation to this paper is attached to the mental-health portion of the sentence; the paper supports that portion in the rural Latino families studied. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Seven studies stated that they measured the impact of social isolation39 , 45 , 50 , 59 , 69 , 70 , 72 on mental health, but the social isolation measures used were either subscales or questions from loneliness scales, or strongly overlapped with the construct of loneliness. Therefore, we have considered them together with studies that measured loneliness.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [39] Matthews, 2016, Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Richardson, 2019, The moderating role of sleep in the relationship between social isolation and internalising problems in early adolescence, Child Psychiatry Hum Dev source
- Supportedcites [50] Stacciarini, 2015, Rural Latinos' mental wellbeing: a mixed-methods pilot study of family, environment and social isolation factors, Community Ment Health J source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Self-help interventions including bibliotherapy99 and computerized therapy100 have shown a moderate positive effect size when compared to control groups although they are generally less effective than face to face therapies.101”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion > Implications for Policy and Practice
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [99] Creswell, 2017, Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of brief guided parent-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and solution-focused brief therapy for treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 101 is attached to the claim that self-help interventions are generally less effective than face-to-face therapies. The Introduction says brief guided parent-delivered CBT, which uses a self-help book, had similar outcomes to more intensive traditional CBT; the Discussion likewise describes outcomes as similar to more intensive child-focused CBT. The paper does not establish the broader comparison for computerized therapy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [100] Lillevoll, 2014, Uptake and adherence of a self-directed internet-based mental health intervention with tailored e-mail reminders in senior high schools in Norway, BMC Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page unavailable) says therapist-supported internet-based CBT has larger effect sizes than fully automated, unguided interventions. That supports a narrower comparison, but it does not establish the cited claim that self-help interventions are generally less effective than face-to-face therapies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [101] Bennett, 2019, Practitioner review: Unguided and guided self-help interventions for common mental health disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
The forest plot in the Discussion reports an overall effect of g = 0.49 for self-help versus controls. The 'Self-help versus face-to-face therapy' section reports a smaller effect in favour of face-to-face therapy (g = −0.17). These findings support the claim for the children and adolescents studied in this review. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Duration of quarantine, fear of infection, boredom, frustration, lack of necessary supplies, lack of information, financial loss, and stigma appear to increase the risk of negative psychological outcomes.1”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Brooks, 2020, The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence, Lancet source
The Abstract lists all eight factors in the claim as stressors associated with the negative psychological effects of quarantine. The Duration of quarantine section also reports that longer quarantine was associated with poorer mental health. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a large survey of young adult students in China has reported that around one in four are experiencing at least mild anxiety symptoms.84”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [84] Cao, 2020, The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China, Psychiatry Res source
The Results section (‘Levels of anxiety among college students during the epidemic’) reports a survey of 7,143 college students: 21.3% had mild anxiety, 2.7% moderate anxiety, and 0.9% severe anxiety. Together, 24.9% had at least mild symptoms—around one in four. The paper places the survey during the COVID-19 outbreak. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Duration of peer loneliness rather than intensity of peer loneliness was associated with depression 8 years later (ie, from age 5 to age 13 years); in contrast, family-related loneliness was not independently associated with subsequent depression.73”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [73] Qualter, 2010, Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: an 8-year longitudinal study, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
The Results (page not provided) report that consistently high peer loneliness in childhood predicted depressive symptoms at age 13. The abstract in the Footnotes (page not provided) identifies an eight-year study beginning at age 5 and says that loneliness at individual time points and the duration of parent-related loneliness did not predict depression. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There may also be sex differences, with some research indicating that loneliness was more strongly associated with elevated depression symptoms in girls and with elevated social anxiety in boys.70 , 71”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Liu, 2020, Gender differences in the influence of social isolation and loneliness on depressive symptoms in college students: a longitudinal study, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol source
- Partly supportedcites [71] Mak, 2018, The role of family for youth friendships: examining a social anxiety mechanism, J Youth Adolesc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that loneliness predicted increased social anxiety for boys but not girls. They do not report that loneliness was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms in girls; the reported gender difference involving internalizing symptoms instead runs from those symptoms to later loneliness and is stronger in boys. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although mobile applications for mental health have been found to be generally acceptable to children and adolescents, there is a lack of convincing evidence of effectiveness on intended mental health outcomes98 and few mobile health apps have been thoroughly tested.97”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion > Implications for Policy and Practice
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [98] Grist, 2017, Mental health mobile apps for preadolescents and adolescents: a systematic review, J Med Internet Res source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [97] Grist, 2019, Technology delivered interventions for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, reviews have tended to conclude that effects are better if there is some therapist input97 , 101 and if parents are involved especially for younger children.96 , 97”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion > Implications for Policy and Practice
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [97] Grist, 2019, Technology delivered interventions for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on Therapist Support and Parental Involvement report larger effect sizes for therapist-supported and parent-supported interventions, respectively. But the Discussion (Comparison with Previous Work; page not supplied) says evidence for children under 12 is limited and calls for further research on the level of parental support that may benefit them. It does not establish that parental involvement is especially beneficial for younger children. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [101] Bennett, 2019, Practitioner review: Unguided and guided self-help interventions for common mental health disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Meta-analysis section reports larger effects for guided than unguided self-help, although the difference was not significant when restricted to low-risk-of-bias studies. The Discussion suggests parental involvement may matter, particularly for younger children, but says the review could not test whether it was associated with effect size. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [96] Pennant, 2015, Computerised therapies for anxiety and depression in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Behav Res Ther sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Moderators of effectiveness” (page unavailable), the review says therapist input may be important and parental input may be valuable for children. But its therapist-input subgroup analysis found no significant difference, and it says evidence for computerised parent-focused treatments is limited. The cited review therefore does not establish that either form of input produces better effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two studies evaluated interventions.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of depression, and possibly anxiety at the time at which loneliness was measured and between 0.25 and 9 years later.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all, 61 studies were observational, 18 were longitudinal, and 43 were cross-sectional studies assessing self-reported loneliness in healthy children and adolescents.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of these studies was a retrospective investigation after a pandemic.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We located 4,531 articles (Figure 1 ), of which 83 articles (80 studies) met the inclusion criteria.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 63 studies reported on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of previously healthy children and adolescents (n = 51,576; mean age 15.3 years).”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
plainn = 51,576- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 18 articles (17 studies) reported on the impact of loneliness in individuals with a variety of health conditions, including mental health problems (12 studies), physical health problems (one study) and neurodevelopmental conditions (4 studies).”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in the one study that examined mental health problems after enforced isolation and quarantine in previous pandemics, children who had experienced enforced isolation or quarantine were five times more likely to require mental health service input and experienced higher levels of posttraumatic stress.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the PTSD Checklist Civilian Version, 28% of children who had experienced isolation/quarantine scored about the cut-off for PTSD, compared to 5.8% of those who had not experienced isolation/quarantine.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Social Isolation in an Infectious Disease Context
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“One study found a small association between panic and loneliness (r = 0.13).75 , 76”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Vanhalst, 2013, The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning, J Adolesc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Vanhalst, 2012, The interplay of loneliness and depressive symptoms across adolescence: exploring the role of personality traits, J Youth Adolesc source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The most frequently reported diagnoses were acute stress disorder (16.7%), adjustment disorder (16.7%), grief (16.7%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.2%).”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Social Isolation in an Infectious Disease Context
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This retrospective study included 398 parents of exposed children from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, of whom 20.9% experienced social isolation and a further 3.8% had been quarantined.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Social Isolation in an Infectious Disease Context
plainn = 398- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither intervention specifically addressed mental health problems that had developed in the context of loneliness; therefore, we are unable to answer our second review question, which was what interventions are effective for individuals who have developed mental health problems as a result of social isolation or loneliness.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were mixed findings in another large study of adolescents (n = 541), which found a significant association between loneliness and subsequent depression, although this did not hold in a cross-lagged model,69 suggesting a possible bidirectional relationship between the variables.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Lasgaard, 2011, Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 541- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Positive associations were also reported between social isolation/loneliness and suicidal ideation,20 , 21 , 34 self-harm,34 and eating disorder risk behavior.34”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Brage, 1993, Correlates of loneliness among midwestern adolescents, Adolescence
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Brage, 1995, Psychological correlates of adolescent depression, J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Lasgaard, 2011, Different sources of loneliness are associated with different forms of psychopathology in adolescence, J Res Personal source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The associations were stronger in older participants35 and in female participants.47”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Lau, 1999, Facets of loneliness and depression among Chinese children and adolescents, J Soc Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Singhvi, 2011, Psychological correlates of loneliness among adolescents, Indian J Psychol Sci
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fewer studies (N = 23) examined symptoms of anxiety.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results > Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More studies have examined the relationship between loneliness and depression than between loneliness and anxiety.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is little evidence pertaining to interventions.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social isolation was not enforced upon the participants, nor was social isolation almost ubiquitous across their peer groups and across the communities in which they lived.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A truncated quality assessment was conducted by one author (SR) using criteria adapted from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)14 (Table 1 ).”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Method > Study Selection and Data Collection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] National Institutes of Health. Study Assessment Tools. 2018. Available at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools. Accessed May 22, 2020.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents are probably more likely to experience high rates of depression and most likely anxiety during and after enforced isolation ends.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: COVID-19 disease containment measures have caused widespread social isolation.
- Rests on an assumption: Children and adolescents are in a prolonged state of physical separation from peers, teachers, extended family, and community networks.
- Rests on an assumption: Evidence about non-enforced social isolation and loneliness can inform the likely mental health outcome for children and adolescents subjected to enforced social isolation.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A random 20% of the data was double-entered to ensure accuracy.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Method > Study Selection and Data Collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We checked 20% of all study eligibility results (both included and excluded) to ensure adherence to the eligibility criteria.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Method > Study Selection and Data Collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies had a high risk of bias, although longitudinal studies were of better methodological quality.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the current social distancing measures enforced on children because of COVID-19 could lead to an increase in mental health problems, as well as possible posttraumatic stress.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Current social distancing measures are enforced on children because of COVID-19.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, they typically assessed and controlled for confounds and could assess the most plausible direction of causality between loneliness/social isolation and mental health.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In the United Kingdom, early results from the Co-SPACE (COVID-19 Supporting Parents, Adolescents and Children in Epidemics) online survey of more than 1,500 parents suggest high levels of COVID-19−related worries and fears, with younger children (aged 4−10 years) significantly more worried than older children and adolescents (aged 11−16 years).85 , 86”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [86] Weale
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This propensity to experience loneliness may make young people particularly vulnerable to loneliness in the COVID-19 context, which, based on our findings, may further exacerbate the mental health impacts of the disease containment measures.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the studies were mainly observational and did not consistently control for potential confounders.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies were cross-sectional, and therefore the direction of the association cannot be inferred.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few studies used independent (ie, not self-report) measures of mental health or social isolation/loneliness, thereby increasing the risk of bias.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the postpandemic study has several limitations in that the sample was self-selecting, and the demographics of the children and the time elapsed since the experience were not reported.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As loneliness involves social comparison,91 it is possible that the shared experience of social isolation imposed by disease containment measures may mitigate the negative effects.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Wiseman, 2008, On failed intersubjectivity: recollections of loneliness experiences in offspring of Holocaust survivors, Am J Orthopsychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results are also consistent with one study investigating mental health problems in children60 after pandemics, improving our confidence in the results.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Sprang, 2013, Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters, Disaster Med Public Health Prep source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In line with Cochrane rapid review guidance,10 gray literature, and trial registry databases were not searched, hand-search strategies were not used, and only English-language publications were included, meaning that some relevant studies may have been missed.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] Garritty
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results were consistent across all study methodology for depression (but less so for anxiety), suggesting that these results are reliable.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the rapid data extraction phase, there was no scope to contact authors to request any missing information.”
§ Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
COVID-19 disease containment measures have caused widespread social isolation.
“Disease containment of COVID-19 has necessitated widespread social isolation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children and adolescents are in a prolonged state of physical separation from peers, teachers, extended family, and community networks.
“Children and adolescents are experiencing a prolonged state of physical isolation from their peers, teachers, extended families, and community networks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The current COVID-19 context involves an uncertain but dangerous threat to health.
“The studies were also not in the context of an uncertain but dangerous threat to health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Current social distancing measures are enforced on children because of COVID-19.
“the current social distancing measures enforced on children because of COVID-19”
The paper relies on this without support.
Evidence about non-enforced social isolation and loneliness can inform the likely mental health outcome for children and adolescents subjected to enforced social isolation.
“However, we used all available evidence on social isolation and loneliness to inform the likely outcome for healthy children and adolescents subjected to social isolation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Experts predict a surging number of young people-seeking clinical care for various behavioral health concerns during the peri- and post-pandemic period (Fegert et al., 2020; Golberstein et al., 2020; Loades et al., 2020; Marques de Miranda et al., 2020; Sanderson et al., 2020; Simon et al., 2020; Abbott, 2021).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Health-Related Anxiety in Youth amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Understanding and Weathering the Continuing Storm (2022) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Existing research shows that the loneliness and social isolation arising from disease containment measures in previous outbreaks (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] and Middle East respiratory syndrome) were associated with significant increases in risk of mental illness in adolescents and poor mental health up to nine years later (Brooks et al., 2020; Cénat et al., 2020; Loades et al.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the context of disease containment measures, any associated loneliness and social isolation significantly increases risk of mental illness in adolescents (see Loades et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Findings support the assumption that pre-pandemic loneliness increased the risk of poor mental health outcomes, but not vice versa (Houghton et al., 2022; Loades et al., 2020).”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Isolation through confinement and quarantine in the context of COVID-19 have been associated with negative psychological outcomes including stress, depression and post-traumatic stress disorders (21, 22).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, isolation had a major impact on the mental health of the population in general [49] and medical students in particular [50]”
From Effectiveness of online mindfulness interventions on medical students’ mental health: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Certainly, evidence demonstrates the negative psychological impact of continued isolation for young people in particular since their life stage is more intensely shaped by their social environment (i.e. exposure to peers and learning environment) [26–28].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Earlier research spanning from 1946 until 2020 showed an increased risk of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents due to loneliness and isolation [17].”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“many barriers faced by at-risk pupils, such as poverty, social exclusion and additional support needs long predate it.”
From Beyond the Classroom: Strengthening Pupil Engagement, Attendance and Belonging through Alternative Education and Community Partnerships (2025) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Systemic challenges such as long work hours, lack of affordable child care, and loss of third spaces make it harder for families and teens to access rich, in-person social connections.38,191”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [191]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Some strengths of our review are it answers a more expansive question (as opposed to other similar reviews [62–65]), it is focused on COVID-19, and covers a large date range, which makes our review one of the first systematic reviews to have these qualities.”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“In both reviews, significant associations were found between loneliness and mental health difficulties including anxiety and depression symptoms, with most studies being cross-sectional in nature.”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“only some of these systematic reviews and meta-analyses included the prevalence of child and adolescent loneliness (e.g., [15]) and even fewer have focused on loneliness with the well-being of children and adolescents (e.g., [16]).”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Recent systematic reviews on pre-pandemic studies indicate significant associations between loneliness and indicators of well-being such as anxiety and depression symptoms, in both clinical [27] and non-clinical [16] samples.”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“First, our search terms included loneliness and indicators of social isolation, belonging, and mattering to stay consistent with some previous systematic reviews, despite these constructs being distinct (e.g., [16,27]).”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“This painful emotion has been associated, both in the short and long term, with increased risk of physical ill-health, in addition to higher levels of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents [21,23].”
From Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“With social distancing measures and movement restrictions come serious risks of loneliness.”
From Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“school closures may be associated with mental health problems among students owing to a prolonged state of physical isolation from peers, teachers, extended family, and community networks.3,4”
From Assessment of Mental Health of Chinese Primary School Students Before and After School Closing and Opening During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The preliminary findings were consistent with a recent systematic review3 suggesting the association between enforced social isolation imposed by disease containment measures with future mental health problems among children and adolescents.”
From Assessment of Mental Health of Chinese Primary School Students Before and After School Closing and Opening During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The effects of isolation and loneliness for young people are likely to persist for some time, even after social distancing restrictions have lifted.42”
In the citing paper
“Research shows that social isolation and loneliness are impacting young people [8].”
From A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The research found that the use of social distancing and stay-at-home orders to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 is negatively affecting the mental health of young people as has been seen elsewhere [8].”
From A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The risk of developing depression increases threefold for adolescents experiencing social isolation”
From “I Hate This”: A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents' Self-Reported Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“experiencing loneliness during this period is associated with poor mental health up to nine years later [16].”
From “I Hate This”: A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents' Self-Reported Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Loneliness is associated with a range of adverse outcomes in adolescents including poor physical and mental health (Eccles et al., 2020; Loades et al., 2020).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The association between mental health problems and loneliness in adolescents, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, is well established in the literature (Loades et al., 2020).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Prior studies which have found loneliness to be associated with subsequent anxiety and depression have tended to have considerably longer follow-up periods (Loades et al., 2020).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Loades et al., 2020
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Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013 · Cited by 1,468 · cited 1×
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“…symptoms, and prior literature suggests that such relationships could operate through emotional support and reduced stress (Conger et al., 2010; Yoshikawa et al., 2012), while supportive peers may be associated with less loneliness and more adaptive coping in everyday life (Loades et al., 2020 ).”
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Who Benefits from Remote Schooling? Self-Selection and Match EffectsPreprint
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“Disruptions to school routines, reduced peer contact, social isolation, uncertainty, and increased academic or family stress may have contributed to the elevated screening rate (Loades et al., 2020).”
Colonialism, COVID-19, and Education
Blume, A. W. (2022) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92825-4_5
Vaccination, survival and mortality for cervical cancer
OECD, & World Health Organization (2022) · Health at a glance. Asia/Pacific · doi:10.1787/4f9614b9-en
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Media Use: A Developmental Perspective Using the Bibliometric Approach
Sassu, R. (2025) · Studies in Business and Economics · doi:10.2478/sbe-2025-0051
“During this time, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were conducted to better understand digital media use and its implications, with loneliness emerging as a major theme (Buecker et al., 2021; Loades et al., 2020).”
Long COVID in Children and Adolescents: Implications for Nursing Management
Lyons, M., Serrano, C., & Holly, C. M. (2024) · Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.62116/pnj.2024.50.4.200
Principles for humanistic responsiveness to children and adolescents coping with the pandemic
Luke, C. (2022) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12177
“It has also blocked access to school-based mental health services, as well as other health services like food, nurse access, and opportunities to discern and report signs of child abuse, neglect, and maltreatment (Loades et al., 2020).”
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Agyapong-Opoku, G., Agyapong, B., Sodunke, T. E., Eboreime, E., & Greenshaw, A. J. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351315
“The global burden of mental health challenges in youth has been further exacerbated by recent stressors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which has intensified symptoms of anxiety and depression in this population [4,5], thus highlighting the urgent need for effective interventions.”
Criminal Justice Issues and the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Furthermore, programs aimed at reducing social isolation, such as peer mentoring, community engagement, and relational skills training, may be especially beneficial for individuals with histories of childhood adversity (Loades et al., 2020; Ludy-Dobson & Perry, 2010).”
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“During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of adolescent depression and anxiety increased (Loades et al., 2020; Raccanello et al., 2023; Samji et al., 2022) even for youth without a pre-existing mental health diagnosis (Cost et al., 2022; de Miranda et al., 2020).”
Predictors of changes in marijuana consumption in Germany during the covid-19 pandemic
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“Asimismo, en uno de los estudios citados en una revisión sistemática realizada por Loades et al. (2020) en Inglaterra, se halló que durante las pandemias previas (H1N1/SARS/Gripe aviar), los niños(as) y adolescentes que experimentaron aislamiento forzado o cuarentena tuvieron cinco veces más…”
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(2022) · Health at a glance. Asia/Pacific · doi:10.1787/55c4136f-en
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“As a result, educational institutions such as universities and high schools closed temporarily (Loades et al., 2020).”
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İSTİSMAR QUYULARINDA QUM TƏZAHÜRÜNÜN YARANMASI VƏ ONLARLA MÜBARİZƏ ÜSULLARI
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“Heterogeneity in anxiety outcomes during the pandemic may relate to the degree of stress experienced during the pandemic and patterns of risk present before pandemic onset (Cabello-Toscano et al., 2023; Loades et al., 2020; Morales et al., 2021, 2022; Zeytinoglu et al., 2021).”
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“The post-pandemic period has seen a significant rise in youth mental health concerns, with research documenting increased anxiety and depression among young people (Loades et al., 2020; Pigaiani et al., 2020).”
Le, L. T., Wong, J. H. C., Truong, Y., Nguyen, B.-H. T., & Trinh, N. T. (2026) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid6050088
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da Costa, B. G. G., Bruner, B., & Law, B. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01890-8
“Parallel to this shift in movement behaviours, research has also shown an increase in poor mental health and depression during the periods of the pandemic when lockdowns or other social distancing policies were enforced [14–18].”
A chat about sedentarism in adolescence
Silva, R. M. F., Felício, C. M., Ferreira, J. C., & Noll, M. A. (2024) · Revista Brasileira da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica · doi:10.15628/rbept.2024.13603
A Unified Digital Environment for Psychosocial Support of Students at Don State Technical University
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Generational Shifts in Business Values The Evolution from Gen Y to Gen Z across 13 SocietiesPreprint
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“…in which infection-preventive behaviours increased most steeply, consistent with broader evidence that pandemic-related distress in youth was concentrated among those with elevated baseline anxiety and depressive symptomatology rather than within any single diagnostic group (Loades et al. 2020).”
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Loneliness and Mobile Phone Dependence in Military College Students: A Study of Network Analysis
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Time-of-day differences in daily functioning in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Impacto en la salud mental durante los primeros quince días de confinamiento por COVID-19 en Ecuador
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The Hidden Costs of COVID-19 and School Closure on Children
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Metadata
- Authors
- Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Loades, Maria Elizabeth
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1218-1239.e3
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7267797
- OpenAlex
- W3032994313
- Semantic Scholar
- 2f56d4a6c5422a5a63fd63d68802403622921be4
- Cited by
- 2,906
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 227 · 2025: 291 · 2024: 398 · 2023: 568 · 2022: 716 · 2021: 603 · 2020: 99
- FWCI
- 39.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (University of Bath) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (DRF-2017-10-169, DRF-2016-09-021)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity
- University College London
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, COVID-19 pandemic, child mental health, adolescent mental health, depression, anxiety, lockdown measures, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Social Isolation, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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