Protein Supplementation Augments Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy but Does Not Modulate Satellite Cell Content During Prolonged Resistance-Type Exercise Training in Frail Elderly
Open accessAbstract
Objective Protein supplementation increases gains in lean body mass following prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail older adults. We assessed whether the greater increase in lean body mass can be attributed to muscle fiber type specific hypertrophy with concomitant changes in satellite cell (SC) content.Design A total of 34 frail elderly individuals (77 ± 1 years, n = 12 male adults) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 2 arms in parallel.Intervention Participants performed 24 weeks of progressive resistance-type exercise training (2 sessions per week) during which they were supplemented twice-daily with milk protein (2 × 15 g) or a placebo.Methods Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, and after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention, to determine type I and type II muscle fiber specific cross-sectional area (CSA), SC content, and myocellular characteristics.Results In the placebo group, a trend for a 20% ± 11% increase in muscle fiber CSA was observed in type II fibers only (P = .051), with no increase in type I muscle fiber CSA. In the protein group, type I and II muscle fiber CSA increased by 23% ± 7% and 34% ± 10% following 6 months of training, respectively (P < .01). Myonuclear domain size increased over time in both groups and fiber types (P < .001), with no significant differences between groups (P > .05). No changes in myonuclear content and SC contents were observed over time in either group (both P > .05). Regression analysis showed that changes in myonuclear content and domain size are predictive of muscle fiber hypertrophy.Conclusions Protein supplementation augments muscle fiber hypertrophy following prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail older people, without changes in myonuclear and SC content.
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de Jong, J. C. B. C., Verschuren, L., Caspers, M. P. M., van der Hoek, M. D., van der Leij, F. R., Kleemann, R., van den Hoek, A. M., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., & Keijer, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23658071
de Jong, J. C. B. C., Verschuren, L., Caspers, M. P. M., van der Hoek, M. D., van der Leij, F. R., Kleemann, R., van den Hoek, A. M., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., & Keijer, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23658080
de Jong, J. C. B. C., Verschuren, L., Caspers, M. P. M., van der Hoek, M. D., van der Leij, F. R., Kleemann, R., van den Hoek, A. M., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., & Keijer, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23658077
de Jong, J. C. B. C., Verschuren, L., Caspers, M. P. M., van der Hoek, M. D., van der Leij, F. R., Kleemann, R., van den Hoek, A. M., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., & Keijer, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23658074
Dan, W., Xingfeng, Y., Zhang, Y., Yifei, M., Yuting, S., & Yaqi, N. (2026) · American Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.ajnhs.20260702.11
Huang, P., Chen, S., Wu, L., Li, J., Zhang, R., Liu, S., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70387
- Authors
- Dirks, M. L., Tieland, M., Verdijk, L. B., Losen, M., Nilwik, R., Mensink, M., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., & van Loon, L. J. C.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- TiFN (NL)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 608-615
- ISSN
- 1525-8610 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2600850786
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- protein supplementation, muscle fiber hypertrophy, satellite cells, frail elderly, milk protein, lean body mass, type I muscle fibers, fast-twitch muscle, myonuclear domain size, muscle fiber cross-sectional area
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hypertrophy, Male, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Cell Enlargement, Cell Nucleus Size, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training
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