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Effects of positive interpretive bias modification in highly anxious individuals
Abstract
Over the past 20 years evidence has accumulated that individuals suffering from anxiety tend to interpret ambiguous information as threatening. Considering the causal role of this interpretive bias in anxiety, it was recently established that modifying interpretive biases influences anxiety. This suggests that anxiety can be clinically treated by directly targeting this interpretive bias. The present study was designed to modify a negative interpretive bias in highly anxious individuals, and subsequently assess the hypothesized beneficial effects on clinical measures. High trait-anxious participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: a positive interpretational Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM-I) or a control condition (n=2 x 17). The program was offered online for eight consecutive days. Upon completing the program, participants who had followed positive CBM-I were less state and trait-anxious compared to the control group. Additionally, positively trained participants scored lower on a measure of general psychopathology (SCL-90). No effects were observed on social anxiety and stress vulnerability. The mixed pattern of findings renders them rather inconclusive, leaving interpretations of the potential therapeutic merits of CBM-I open for future research.
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“which can lead to a subsequent shift in social anxiety levels (Bowler et al., 2012; Murphy et al., 2007; Salemink et al., 2009).”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Salemink et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“For the beta version, social scenarios were translated versions of those used in previous research (Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink et al., 2014; Salemink et al., 2009), adapted to be made more suitable for the developmental context of the study's target age range (18 to 25 years; e.g., changing a scenario that suggested a person had children) and the Australian context (e.g., changing the”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Salemink et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“For example, watching stressful videos [39], trying to solve an unsolvable anagram task under time pressure ‘knowing’ that ‘most people have no problems solving it in time’, e.g., see [9] or giving a speech, e.g. see [55] should be stressful for most individuals.”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Similarly, it is unclear whether biases associated with the dot-probe are related to disengagement difficulties or to initial orienting (Salemink et al., 2009; Clarke et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCognitive Bias Modification Approaches to Anxiety
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“…confirmed and extended this finding, showing that a session of such CBMI delivered in the interpret-positive condition, rather than the interpret-negative condition, led to significant decline not only in state anxiety but in trait anxiety questionnaire scores also (Salemink et al. 2007a, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEfficacy of cognitive bias modification interventions in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis
Cristea, I. A., Kok, R. N., & Cuijpers, P. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146761 · Cited by 553
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“Those included overall stressful videos [8,39,43,45,63], unsolvable anagram tasks [9,52], worry intrusions or negative mood inductions [10,37,40,50], symptom provoking tasks [35,58], speech anticipation [55], and exposure to emotional faces combined with ‘incorrect’ feedback [61].”
BackgroundCognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions
Beard, C. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.194 · Cited by 222
Carlbring, P., Apelstrand, M., Sehlin, H., Amir, N., Rousseau, A., Hofmann, S. G., & Andersson, G. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-66 · Cited by 215
Foland-Ross, L. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00489 · Cited by 197
“Further, positive CBM-I has been found to be effective in reducing negative interpretative biases in individuals who report high levels of anxiety (Mathews et al., 2007; Murphy et al., 2007; Salemink et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBlackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1680 · Cited by 196
“We aimed to deliver the CBM-I at one session per day over 7 days (following Salemink et al., 2009), with the addition that the first session was guided by the experimenter.”
MethodLang, T. J., Blackwell, S. E., Harmer, C. J., Davison, P., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.855 · Cited by 171
“Each daily session of the intervention comprised 64 stimuli in total, arranged into eight blocks of eight after Salemink et al. (2009).”
MethodResultBowler, J. O., Mackintosh, B., Dunn, B. D., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Hoppitt, L. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029932 · Cited by 164
“Mathews, Ridgeway, Cook, and Yiend (2007) showed that four sessions of CBM-I can reduce trait anxiety in a high-anxious population; similarly, Salemink, van den Hout, and Kindt (2009) demonstrated reductions in trait anxiety, state anxiety, and general psychopathology through multiple CBM-I…”
BackgroundGrafton, B., MacLeod, C., Rudaizky, D., Holmes, E. A., Salemink, E., Fox, E., & Notebaert, L. (2017) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.176123 · Cited by 160
Self-citationBrosan, L., Hoppitt, L., Shelfer, L., Sillence, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.006 · Cited by 139
Amir, N., & Taylor, C. T. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026928 · Cited by 136
“…procedure is bolstered by extending earlier findings in analogue samples of socially anxious (Beard & Amir, 2008) and generally trait anxious individuals (Mathews et al., 2007; Salemink et al., 2009) to clinical samples presenting with greater severity of symptoms and functional interference.”
BackgroundCognitive bias modification training in adolescents: effects on interpretation biases and mood
Menne‐Lothmann, C., Holmes, E. A., Chan, S. W. Y., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02286.x · Cited by 125
Cognitive bias modification procedures in the management of mental disorders
MacLeod, C. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32834fda4a · Cited by 104
“[38] delivered eight consecutive daily sessions of CBM-I to 34 participants recruited on the basis of their high trait anxiety scores.”
BackgroundCognitive bias modification: Induced interpretive biases affect memory.
Tran, T. B., Hertel, P. T., & Joormann, J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021754 · Cited by 102
Mobini, S., Reynolds, S. A., & Mackintosh, B. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9445-8 · Cited by 99
“In another study, Salemink et al. (2009) found that high trait-anxious participants who completed positive CBM-I program online for eight consecutive days were less state and trait-anxious compared to the control group.”
ResultBlackwell, S., Woud, M., & MacLeod, C. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.41 · Cited by 73
Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0032806 · Cited by 78
Self-citationState rumination: Associations with emotional stress reactivity and attention biases
LeMoult, J., Arditte, K. A., D'Avanzato, C., & Joormann, J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.029112 · Cited by 75
Modifying Threat-related Interpretive Bias in Adolescents
Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9523-5 · Cited by 80
“In adults, it has been shown that training individuals with high levels of anxiety to interpret ambiguous information in a positive way using CBM-I reduced their negative interpretive bias and associated self-reported anxious feelings (Mathews et al. 2007; Murphy et al. 2007; Salemink et al. 2009).”
Self-citationSalemink, E., Kindt, M., Rienties, H., & van den Hout, M. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.005 · Cited by 79
Self-citationOglesby, M. E., Allan, N. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.007 · Cited by 68
Cognitive bias modification of interpretations: A viable treatment for child and adolescent anxiety?
Lau, J. Y. F. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.001 · Cited by 71
Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.006 · Cited by 79
“This recognition task has been shown to discriminate between high and low anxious individuals (Salemink & van den Hout, 2010) and has been used successfully as a manipulation check in previous CBM-I studies (Lothmann et al., 2010; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink et al., 2009; Salemink & Wiers, 2011).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSchoth, D. E., & Liossi, C. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000342 · Cited by 69
Yiend, J., Lee, J.-S., Tekes, S., Atkins, L., Mathews, A., Vrinten, M., Ferragamo, C., & Shergill, S. S. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9571-y · Cited by 69
“These have typically ranged from a session a day over eight consecutive days (Salemink et al. 2009) to four”
BackgroundModifying cognitive errors promotes cognitive well being: A new approach to bias modification
Lester, K. J., Mathews, A., Davison, P., Burgess, J. L., & Yiend, J. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.01.001 · Cited by 70
Fu, X., Du, Y., Au, S., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.003 · Cited by 62
Button, K. S., Kounali, D., Stapinski, L. A., Rapee, R. M., Lewis, G., & Munafo, M. R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119456 · Cited by 63
“Evidence for modifying positive interpretation biases is preliminary [37] but our results suggest this as a possible avenue for treatment.”
ResultValidation of the "recognition task" used in the training of interpretation biases.
Salemink, E., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.11.006 · Cited by 65
Self-citationCougle, J., Summers, B. J., Allan, N. P., Dillon, K. H., Smith, H. L., Okey, S. A., & Harvey, A. M. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.004 · Cited by 49
“Lastly, controlled multi-session evaluations of IBM have typically compared it to waitlist (Salemink et al., 2009; Vassilopoulos, Banerjee, & Prantzalou, 2009) or a neutral/sham condition matched for task similarity (Amir & Taylor, 2012; Lang, Blackwell, Harmer, Davison, & Holmes, 2012; Micco,…”
MethodSalemink, E., Wolters, L., & de Haan, E. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.02.003 · Cited by 54
Self-citationHoppitt, L., Illingworth, J. L., MacLeod, C., Hampshire, A., Dunn, B. D., & Mackintosh, B. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.008 · Cited by 61
“Nevertheless, some previous CBM-I studies have been successful in reducing scores on such trait measures (e.g., Mathews et al., 2007; Salemink et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInterpretation training influences memory for prior interpretations.
Salemink, E., Hertel, P. T., & Mackintosh, B. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020232 · Cited by 51
Self-citationSavulich, G., Shergill, S. S., & Yiend, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.016711 · Cited by 47
Implicit interpretation biases affect emotional vulnerability: A training study
Tran, T. B., Siemer, M., & Joormann, J. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.532393 · Cited by 42
“Previous studies have reported similar effects of training on state anxiety in response to threat-related videos (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Salemink et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2006), but our study is the first to use a clearly self-relevant stressor and to show effects on emotional responding other than anxiety.”
ResultTelman, M. D., Holmes, E. A., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0386-6 · Cited by 44
“Not all of these attempts have been successful [34, 41, 42], calling into question the ecological validity of many of these ‘stressors’.”
BackgroundEffects of modifying the interpretation of emotional ambiguity
Mathews, A. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.584527 · Cited by 43
“On readministration of the trait anxiety measure 1 week after training was complete, trait anxiety scores were significantly reduced in positive-trained participants relative to an untrained control group (for a replication see Salemink, van den Hout, & Kindt, 2009 ).”
BackgroundResultMulti-session online interpretation bias training for anxiety in a community sample
Ji, J. L., Baee, S., Zhang, D., Calicho-Mamani, C., Meyer, M. J., Funk, D. H., Portnow, S., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103864 · Cited by 45
Lester, K., Field, A., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.618449 · Cited by 39
“Recent work, primarily in the adult literature, has shown that multisession bias modification interventions can reduce threat interpretations, promote more benign interpretations, and reduce social and trait anxiety relative to a control condition (Beard & Amir, 2008 ; Mathews et al, 2007 ; Salemink, van den Hout, & K…”
BackgroundJones, E. B., & Sharpe, L. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.003 · Cited by 39
“Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) has had positive outcomes in laboratory studies of anxiety [6,26,35,42] and depression [23,24,31].”
Interpretation modification training reduces social anxiety in clinically anxious children
Klein, A. M., Rapee, R. M., Hudson, J. L., Schniering, C. A., Wuthrich, V. M., Kangas, M., Lyneham, H. J., Souren, P. M., & Rinck, M. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.006 · Cited by 37
“Cognitive bias modification training To modify interpretation bias, children completed a daily training program for 14 days, preceded by a practice session (see also Salemink et al., 2009).”
MethodInfluentialThe Plasticity of Adolescent Cognitions: Data from a Novel Cognitive Bias Modification Training Task
Lau, J. Y. F., Molyneaux, E., Telman, M. D., & Belli, S. R. (2011) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0244-3 · Cited by 44
“It is also not clear if mood effects occur because of the induced cognitive bias although more sophisticated mediation analysis suggests that this is plausible [27].”
BackgroundOtkhmezuri, B., Boffo, M., Siriaraya, P., Matsangidou, M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Mackintosh, B., Ang, C. S., & Salemink, E. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11517 · Cited by 42
“Positive and negative interpretations were assessed with the Recognition Task before and after the training, a validated computerized task that has shown great sensitivity in capturing CBM-I training effects across both subclinical and clinical samples [4,12-14].”
MethodResultSelf-citationKlein, A. M., Salemink, E., de Hullu, E., Houtkamp, E., Papa, M., & van der Molen, M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3579-9 · Cited by 35
Self-citationPichon, S., Lombard, E., Eryilmaz, H., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu044 · Cited by 40
Internet-based interpretation bias modification for social anxiety: A pilot study
Brettschneider, M., Neumann, P., Berger, T., Renneberg, B., & Boettcher, J. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.008 · Cited by 32
Specificity Effects in the Modification of Interpretation Bias and Stress Reactivity
Mackintosh, B., Mathews, A., Eckstein, D., & Hoppitt, L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.025711 · Cited by 34
“It appears that induced biases in one domain can sometimes influence bias in a new domain (Salemink et al., 2009b) but without influencing emotional responses in the expected way in that new domain (Salemink et al., 2007, present Experiment 1 and 2).”
BackgroundSalemink, E., de Jong, S. R. C., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., & van Bockstaele, B. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101727 · Cited by 25
Self-citationTrained interpretive bias survives mood change
Salemink, E., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.010 · Cited by 31
Self-citationSiriaraya, P., Visch, V., Boffo, M., Spijkerman, R., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Korrelboom, K., Hendriks, V. M., Salemink, E., van Dooren, M. M. M., Bas, M., et al. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/27953 · Cited by 28
“The Één klein probleempje app is a narrative-based gamification of the cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I) training to address anxiety problems [56].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThoughts on Experimental Psychopathology
van den Hout, M., Engelhard, I. M., & McNally, R. J. (2016) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.045115 · Cited by 32
Is cognitive bias modification training truly beneficial for adolescents?
Chan, S. W. Y., Lau, J. Y. F., & Reynolds, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12368 · Cited by 29
Woud, M. L., Zhang, X. C., Becker, E. S., Zlomuzica, A., & Margraf, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.12.005 · Cited by 27
“, in the context of social anxiety [46–48], analog posttraumatic stress [49,50] and depression [51–55].”
BackgroundThe influence of social comparison on cognitive bias modification and emotional vulnerability.
Standage, H., Harris, J. M., & Fox, E. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034226 · Cited by 25
Effects of interpretation bias modification on unregulated and regulated emotional reactivity
Bockstaele, B. V., Notebaert, L., Salemink, E., Clarke, P., MacLeod, C., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.009 · Cited by 23
“However, these effects on IB did not translate to effects in stress reactivity, as there were no group differences in anxiety or depression following a stress induction (e.g., see also Salemink, van den Hout, & Kindt, 2009).”
InfluentialSelf-citationWoud, M. L., Hutschemaekers, M. H. M., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.001 · Cited by 27
Training interpretation biases among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder symptoms.
Premo, J. E., Sarfan, L. D., & Clerkin, E. M. (2016) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.11.004 · Cited by 20
Bowler, J. O., Hoppitt, L., Illingworth, J., Dalgleish, T., Ononaiye, M. S. P., Perez‐Olivas, G., & Mackintosh, B. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.011 · Cited by 24
“This appears to be in contrast to previous studies that have shown successful use of CBM to reduce high anxiety in non-clinical populations (e.g., Beard & Amir, 2008; Murphy et al., 2007; Salemink et al., 2009).”
ResultBockstaele, B. V., Clarke, P., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., & Salemink, E. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101561 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMaking the leap: From experimental psychopathology to clinical trials
Blackwell, S. E., & Woud, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087221080075 · Cited by 19
“When we first tried a CBM intervention in the context of depression (Blackwell & Holmes, 2010), we took the approach previously used by Salemink et al. (2009) of one session every day over the course of 1 week.”
MethodWinter, S. D., Salemink, E., & Bosmans, G. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.12.004 · Cited by 21
Self-citationPrior, K., Salemink, E., Wiers, R. W., Teachman, B. A., Piggott, M., Newton, N. C., Teesson, M., Baillie, A. J., Campbell, S., & Stapinski, L. A. (2020) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14452 · Cited by 16
“1: For the beta version, social scenarios were translated versions of those used in previous research (Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink et al., 2014; Salemink et al., 2009), adapted to be made more suitable for the developmental context of the study’s target age range (18 to 25 years; e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLau, J. Y. F., & Pile, V. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614549596 · Cited by 19
Single-Session Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations Training in High-Anxious Adolescents
Fu, X., Du, Y., Au, S., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.3.253 · Cited by 17
Salemink, E., Woud, M. L., Roos, M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Lindgren, K. P. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.023 · Cited by 19
“Cognitive Bias Modification of alcohol-related interpretations The modification of alcohol-related interpretations was based on the well-established, anxiety-related scenario-based CBM-I training (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink et al., 2009; Salemink, van den Hout, & Kindt, 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationImagery versus verbal interpretive cognitive bias modification for compulsive checking
Black, M. J., & Grisham, J. R. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.009 · Cited by 13
Larrazabal, M. A., Eberle, J. W., Evia, Á. F. V. D. L. G., Boukhechba, M., Funk, D. H., Barnes, L. E., Boker, S. M., & Teachman, B. A. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104463 · Cited by 13
Cognitive Bias Modification: A New Frontier in Cognition and Emotion Research
MacLeod, C., & Clarke, P. (2013) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 13
Nowakowski, M. E., Antony, M., & Koerner, N. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.004 · Cited by 16
A pilot study of interpretive cognitive bias modification for OCD
Black, M., & Grisham, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808718778969 · Cited by 14
Cognitive Bias Modification Training in Adolescents: Persistence of Training Effects
Belli, S. R., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9627-7 · Cited by 14
Krans, J., Moulds, M. L., Grisham, J., Lang, T., & Denson, T. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.038613 · Cited by 15
van Duijvenbode, N., Didden, R., Korzilius, H. P. L. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2016.1166303 · Cited by 9
Neural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation
Sakaki, K., Nozawa, T., Ikeda, S., & Kawashima, R. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa026 · Cited by 17
Britton, G., & Bailey, H. J. (2018) · UWL Repository (University of West London) · Cited by 10
Targeting anxiety sensitivity as a prevention strategy
Schmidt, N. B., Allan, N. P., Knapp, A. A., & Capron, D. W. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813495-5.00008-5 · Cited by 9
Zahler, L., Meyers, M., Woud, M. L., Blackwell, S. E., Margraf, J., & Velten, J. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01897-3 · Cited by 9
“, by presenting participants a series of ambiguous scenarios which they are asked to complete either consistently in a functional or dysfunctional manner, depending on participants’ training condition (e.g., Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink et al., 2009; Woud et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEdwards, C. B., Portnow, S., Namaky, N., & Teachman, B. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9922-9 · Cited by 8
Interpretive Bias Modification for Disgust
Whitton, A. E., Grisham, J. R., Henry, J. D., & Palada, H. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.030812 · Cited by 8
Biased interpretation in paranoia and its modification
Savulich, G., Edwards, A., Assadi, S., Guven, H., Leathers-Smith, E., Shergill, S. S., & Yiend, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101575 · Cited by 8
Adamus, M., Chayinska, M., Šrol, J., Adam‐Troian, J., Mikušková, E. B., & Teličák, P. (2025) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70003 · Cited by 8
“…, are more likely to develop and maintain persecutory delusions influencing the severity of psychological stress, anxiety, and depression over time (Clarke et al., 2018; Eysenck et al., 1991; Gagliardi, 2023; Lam et al., 2021; Mathews & MacLeod, 1985; Salemink et al., 2009; Trotta et al., 2021).”
Chen, R., Zheng, J., Li, T., Zhang, Q., Li, C., & Cui, L. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01094-4 · Cited by 7
“…modifying interpretation biases and alleviating related symptoms for obsessive compulsive disorder (Salemink et al. 2015), dysphoria (Hindash and Rottenberg 2017), generalized anxiety disorder (Hirsch et al. 2018), social anxiety (Salemink et al. 2009) and posttraumatic stress (Woud et al. 2013).”
BackgroundBlankers, M., Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20852-7_10 · Cited by 7
Self-citationViana, A. G., Ebesutani, C. K., Young, J. N., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9414-7 · Cited by 9
“Recent work, for example, highlights the potential utility of interventions aimed at the modification of cognitive biases in adult anxiety disorder patients (Salemink et al. 2009).”
Modifying thought-action fusion via a single-session computerized interpretation training
Siwiec, S. G., Davine, T. P., Kresser, R. C., Rohde, M. M., & Lee, H. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.11.005 · Cited by 8
The influence of cognitive biases on psychophysiological vulnerability to stress
Randall, K. D. (2012) · Cited by 7
Investigating the therapeutic potential of cognitive bias modification for high anxiety sensitivity.
Macdonald, E. M., Koerner, N., Antony, M., Vickers, K., Mastorakos, T., & Kuo, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101521 · Cited by 3
Wang, J. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.2017471 · Cited by 5
“Recent research has highlighted that such biases are causally related to emotional vulnerability; thus, attribution bias-related interventions, such as those aiming at interpretation modification, may have therapeutic utility (Macleod, 2012; Salemink et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodPractice makes perfect: Training the interpretation of emotional ambiguity
Clifton, J., Hedley, S., Mountier, E. I., Tiszai, B., & Grimshaw, G. M. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1020768 · Cited by 5
Cognitive bias modification of interpretation for social anxiety: A "bottom-up" intervention?
Bingqian, L., & Li, X. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.00859 · Cited by 3
Williams, A. D., Pajak, R., O'Moore, K., Andrews, G., & Grisham, J. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-193 · Cited by 2
“CBM-I interventions have demonstrated efficacy in modifying the key cognitive biases implicated in various anxious populations, including high trait anxiety [5,6], generalized anxiety [7], spider fear [8] and social anxiety [9-13].”
Kruijt, A., & Carlbring, P. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/scqf3 · Cited by 7
“Reports for several CBM studies describe how care is taken not to communicate the aim and/or the contingency to participants and it is not uncommon that post-training awareness interviews or questionnaires are taken as manipulation checks (for instance in: Chan et al., 2015; Kruijt, Putman, & Van der Does, 2013a; Sale…”
BackgroundEffects of positive and negative affect inductions on interpretive and response bias
Yarrington, J. S., & Craske, M. G. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104460 · Cited by 5
Prior, K., Salemink, E., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Teachman, B. A., Piggott, M., Newton, N. C., Teesson, M., Baillie, A., Manning, V., McLellan, L. F., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/28667 · Cited by 5
“The social scenarios are translated versions of those used in previous research [22,45,76], adapted for this study’s target age range of 18-30 years and the Australian context [51].”
MethodSelf-citationCognitive Bias Modification Training
Grafton, B., & MacLeod, C. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch64 · Cited by 3
Benoit, K. E. (2013) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 3
Adamus, M., Šrol, J., Mikušková, E. B., Adam‐Troian, J., & Chayinska, M. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.70036 · Cited by 2
“…persecutory delusions may lead to elevated levels of anxiety, including the sense of economic anxiety (Adamus et al., 2025; Clarke et al., 2018; Eysenck et al., 1991; Gagliardi, 2023; Lam et al., 2021; Liekefett et al., 2023; Mathews & MacLeod, 1985; Salemink et al., 2009; Trotta et al., 2021).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Salemink, E., van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Salemink, Elske
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 676-683
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169905320
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 15.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, interpretation bias, trait anxiety, state anxiety, online intervention, psychopathology, social anxiety, stress vulnerability, threat interpretation
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Attitude, Cognition, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Female, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reaction Time, Severity of Illness Index, Software, Bias, Young Adult
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