Mindfulness and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder avoidance symptom severity
Abstract
Mindfulness reflects an awareness of present moment experiences through an attitude of acceptance and openness (Bishop et al., 2004; Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra, & Farrow, 2008). Experiential avoidance, by contrast, refers to attempts to change, alter, or avoid private experiences (e.g., thoughts, feelings, sensations), and it is believed to underlie a number of psychopathologies, including PTSD (Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996). We were interested in the ability of mindfulness to predict the variance of PTSD avoidance symptom severity above and beyond experiential avoidance. 378 introductory psychology students were administered self-report measures of PTSD, mindfulness, experiential avoidance, thought suppression, alexithymia, and avoidant coping. Mindfulness, specifically nonjudgment of experiences, accounted for a unique portion of the variance in PTSD avoidance symptoms.
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Acceptance makes unique contributions to psychological health beyond other mindfulness facets such as observing, describing, acting with awareness, and non-reactivity.
“recent research suggests that acceptance makes unique contributions to psychological health, above and beyond other elements of mindfulness (e.g., observing present-moment experiences, describing internal experiences, acting with awareness, and non-reactivity to inner experiences) (Thompson & Waltz, 2010; Vujanovic et al., 2009).”
From The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence (2018) · cites this paper as Thompson & Waltz, 2010
The discrepancy may stem from measurement, because Shallcross and colleagues used the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, which assesses experiential avoidance and may differ from measures of accepting versus judging mental experiences.
“The difference in findings may be due to a difference in measurement, as Shallcross and colleagues used the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Hayes et al., 2004), which was designed to assess experiential avoidance (e.g., “I try hard to avoid feeling depressed or anxious”), and may be different from measures that target accepting vs. judging mental experiences (cf. Thompson & Waltz, 2010).”
From The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence (2018) · cites this paper as Thompson & Waltz, 2010
Higher mindfulness is associated with lower PTS in a student sample.
“Thompson and Waltz (2010) found higher mindfulness, tapped using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006) to be associated with lower PTS in a student sample.”
From Experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness as predictors of analogue post‐traumatic stress. (2018) · cites this paper as Thompson and Waltz, 2010
High levels of EA are associated with various diagnostic categories, such as anxiety disorder, depression disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that high levels of EA are associated with various diagnostic categories, such as anxiety disorder [4], depression disorder [5], and posttraumatic stress disorder [6].”
From Psychometric properties of the chinese version of multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire-30 (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Mindfulness can be conceptualized as at least partly countering experiential avoidance.
“In this regard, mindfulness can also be conceptualized as at least partly countering experiential avoidance (Thompson and Waltz 2010).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as Thompson and Waltz 2010
Facet specificity of beneficial effects has been observed for symptoms of PTSD and of anxiety and depression, involving specifically Actaware and Nonjudge that were later found to load also on the same higher-order factor, Orientation to Experience.
“Facet specificity of beneficial effects has been observed for symptoms of PTSD [28] and of anxiety and depression [29], involving specifically Actaware and Nonjudge that were later found to load also on the same higher-order factor, Orientation to Experience [20].”
Empirical associations exist between EA and harmful psychological and behavioral problems such as substance and alcohol misuse, PTSD, depression, and anxiety.
“Relatedly, the empirical associations between EA and a number of harmful psychological and behavioral problems such as substance and alcohol misuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety [6,7,8] support this premise.”
From Measuring Experiential Avoidance: Evidence toward Multidimensional Predictors of Trauma Sequelae (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Montana (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thompson, Brian L.
- ORCID
- Thompson, Brian L.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 409-415
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022506413
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mindfulness, experiential avoidance, post-traumatic stress disorder, avoidance symptoms, non-judgment, thought suppression, alexithymia, avoidance coping, predictors of symptom severity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Awareness, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Young Adult
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