Cited by 25

Predictors of long-term outcome of CBT for youth with anxiety disorders treated in community clinics

Kodal, Arne, Fjermestad, Krister W., Bjelland, Ingvar, Gjestad, Rolf, Öst, Lars-Göran, Bjaastad, Jon F., Haugland, Bente S.M., Havik, Odd E. +2 more·2018·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.008

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 71

  1. Alfano, C. A., Pina, A. A., Villalta, I. K., Beidel, D. C., Ammerman, R. T., & Crosby, L. E. (2009). Mediators and moderators of outcome in the behavioral treatment of child- hood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 945-953. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e3181af8216. · DOI
  2. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression an- xiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181. https://doi.org/10.1037//1040-3590.10.2.176. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Baldwin, S. A., Bauer, D. J., Stice, E., & Rohde, P. (2011). Evaluating models for partially clustered designs. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0023464. · DOI
  4. Barrett, P. M. (2004). Friends for life -Group leader's manual (4th ed.). Brisbane: Australian Academic Press.
  5. Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1991). Coping koala workbook. Unpublished manuscriptNathan, Australia: School of Applied Psychology, Griffith Universityhttps://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.64.2.333. · DOI
  6. Barrett, P. M., Duffy, A. L., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022- 006x.69.1.135. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Bauer, D. J., Sterba, S. K., & Hallfors, D. D. (2008). Evaluating group-based interventions when control participants are ungrouped. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 43(2), 210-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170802034810. · DOI
  8. Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Young, B. J. (2006). Social effectiveness therapy for chil- dren: Five years later. Behavior Therapy, 37(4), 416-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. beth.2006.06.002. · DOI
  9. Benjamin, C. L., Harrison, J. P., Settipani, C. A., Brodman, D. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2013). Anxiety and related outcomes in young adults 7 to 19 years after receiving treatment for child anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(5), 865-876. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033048. · DOI
  10. Bjaastad, J. F., Haugland, B. S. M., Fjermestad, K. W., Torsheim, T., Havik, O. E., Heiervang, E. R., et al. (2016). Competence and Adherence Scale for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CAS-CBT) for anxiety disorders in youth: Psychometric prop- erties. Psychological Assessment, 28(8), 908-916. https://doi.org/10.1037/ pas0000230. · DOI
  11. Bodden, D. H., Bögels, S. M., Nauta, M. H., De Haan, E., Ringrose, J., Appelboom, C., et al. (2008). Child versus family cognitive-behavioral therapy in clinically anxious youth: An efficacy and partial effectiveness study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(12), 1384-1394. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi. 0b013e318189148e. · DOI · Paper page
  12. Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 371-399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. psych.53.100901.135233. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM- IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional dis- orders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1037// 0021-843x.110.1.49. Caporino, N. E., Herres, J., Kendall, P. C., & Wolk, C. B. (2016). Dysregulation in youth with anxiety disorders: Relationship to acute and 7-to 19-year follow-up outcomes of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47(4), 539-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0587-2. · DOI
  14. Currie, C., Molcho, M., Boyce, W., Holstein, B., Torsheim, T., & Richter, M. (2008). Researching health inequalities in adolescents: The development of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) family affluence scale. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 1429-1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.024. · DOI
  15. DiGiuseppe, R., Linscott, J., & Jilton, R. (1996). Developing the therapeutic alliance in child-adolescent psychotherapy. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0962-1849(96)80002-3. · DOI
  16. Drieschner, K. H., Lammers, S. M., & van der Staak, C. P. (2004). Treatment motivation: An attempt for clarification of an ambiguous concept. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1115-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2003.09.003. · DOI
  17. Ehrenreich-May, J., Southam-Gerow, M. A., Hourigan, S. E., Wright, L. R., Pincus, D. B., & Weisz, J. R. (2011). Characteristics of anxious and depressed youth seen in two dif- ferent clinical contexts. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38(5), 398-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-010-0328-6. · DOI
  18. Gibby, B. A., Casline, E. P., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2017). Long-term outcomes of youth treated for an anxiety disorder: A critical review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0222-9. · DOI
  19. Ginsburg, G. S., Becker-Haimes, E. M., Keeton, C., Kendall, P. C., Iyengar, S., Sakolsky, D., et al. (2018). Results from the Child/Adolescent anxiety multimodal extended long- term study (CAMELS): Primary anxiety outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(July (7)), 471-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaac.2018.03.017 2018. · DOI · Paper page
  20. Ginsburg, G. S., Becker, E. M., Keeton, C. P., Sakolsky, D., Piacentini, J., Albano, A. M., et al. (2014). Naturalistic follow-up of youths treated for pediatric anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(3), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013. 4186. · DOI
  21. Ginsburg, G. S., Becker, K. D., Kingery, J. N., & Nichols, T. (2008). Transporting CBT for childhood anxiety disorders into inner-city school-based mental health clinics. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15(2), 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra. 2007.07.001. · DOI
  22. Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x. · DOI · Paper page
  23. Goodman, R. (1999). The extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40(5), 791-799. https://doi.org/10. 1017/s0021963099004096. · DOI
  24. Goodman, R., Ford, T., Richards, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000). The Development and Well-Being Assessment: Description and initial validation of an integrated as- sessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(5), 645-655. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021963099005909. · DOI · Paper page
  25. Halldorsdottir, T., & Ollendick, T. H. (2016). Long-term outcomes of brief, intensive CBT for specific phobias: The negative impact of ADHD symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(5), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000088. · DOI
  26. Heiervang, E., Stormark, K. M., Lundervold, A. J., Heimann, M., Goodman, R., Posserud, M. B., Ullebo, A. K., Plessen, K. J., Bjelland, I., Lie, S. A., & Gillberg, C. (2007). Psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 8-to 10-year-olds: An epidemiological survey of prevalence, risk factors, and service use. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(4), 438-447.
  27. Higa-McMillan, C. K., Francis, S. E., Rith-Najarian, L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016). Evidence base update: 50 years of research on treatment for child and adolescent anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(2), 91-113. https://doi.org/10. 1080/15374416.2015.1046177. · DOI · Paper page
  28. Hudson, J. L., Kendall, P. C., Chu, B. C., Gosch, E., Martin, E., Taylor, A., et al. (2014). Child involvement, alliance, and therapist flexibility: Process variables in cognitive- behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in childhood. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 52, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.09.011 1e8. · DOI
  29. Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., McLellan, L. F., Wuthrich, V. M., & Schniering, C. A. (2015). Comparing outcomes for children with different anxiety disorders following cognitive behavioural therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 72, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.007. · DOI · Paper page
  30. Keijsers, G. P. J., Schaap, C. P. D. R., Hoogduin, C., Hoogsteyns, B., & de Kemp, E. C. M. (1999). Preliminary results of a new instrument to assess patient motivation for treatment in cognitive-behaviour therapy. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27(2), 165-179.
  31. Kendall, P. C., & Southam-Gerow, M. A. (1996). Long-term follow-up of a cognitive-be- havioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 724-730. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.724. · DOI
  32. Kendall, P. C., Comer, J. S., Marker, C. D., Creed, T. A., Puliafico, A. C., Hughes, A. A., et al. (2009). In-session exposure tasks and therapeutic alliance across the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 517-525. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013686. · DOI
  33. Kerns, C. M., Read, K. L., Klugman, J., & Kendall, P. C. (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with social anxiety: Differential short and long-term treatment outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 210-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. janxdis.2013.01.009. · DOI
  34. Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Georgiades, K., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., et al. (2012). Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(4), 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1001/ archgenpsychiatry.2011.160. · DOI · Paper page
  35. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (third edition). New York, NY: Guildford.
  36. Kodal, A., Bjelland, I., Gjestad, R., Wergeland, G. J., Havik, O. E., Heiervang, E. R., et al. (2017). Subtyping social anxiety in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 49, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.009. · DOI
  37. Kodal, A., Fjermestad, K., Bjelland, I., Gjestad, R., Öst, L. G., Bjaastad, J. F., et al. (2018). Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety dis- orders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 53(1), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis. 2017.11.003. · DOI · Paper page
  38. Lawrence, P. J., Rooke, S. M., & Creswell, C. (2017). Prevention of anxiety among at-risk children and adolescents-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(3), 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12226. · DOI · Paper page
  39. Lee, P., Zehgeer, A., Ginsburg, G. S., McCracken, J., Keeton, C., Kendall, P. C., et al. (2017). Child and adolescent adherence with cognitive behavioral therapy for an- xiety: Predictors and associations with outcomes. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1310046. · DOI · Paper page
  40. Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198-1202.
  41. Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u. · DOI · Paper page
  42. Manassis, K., Avery, D., Butalia, S., & Mendlowitz, S. (2004). Cognitive-Behavioral therapy with childhood anxiety disorders: Functioning in adolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 19(4), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10133. · DOI
  43. Najman, J. M., Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Clavarino, A., Bor, W., O'Callaghan, M. J., & Williams, G. M. (2010). Family poverty over the early life course and recurrent adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Public Health, 100(9), 1719-1723. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009. 180943. · DOI
  44. Nevo, G. A., & Manassis, K. (2009). Outcomes for treated anxious children: A critical review of long-term-follow-up studies. Depression and Anxiety, 26(7), 650-660. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20584. · DOI
  45. Nevo, G. A., Avery, D., Fiksenbaum, L., Kiss, A., Mendlowitz, S., Monga, S., et al. (2014). Eight years later: Outcomes of CBT-treated versus untreated anxious children. Brain and Behavior, 4(5), 765-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.274. · DOI
  46. Ollendick, T. H., Öst, L.-G., Reuterskiöld, L., Costa, N., Cederlund, R., Sirbu, C., et al. (2009). One-session treatment of specific phobias in youth: A randomized clinical trial in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 504-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015158. · DOI · Paper page
  47. Öst, L. G. (2017). Det empiriska stödet för KBT vid psykiska störningar hos barn och ungdomar. In L.-G. Öst (Ed.). KBT inom barn-och ungdomspsykiatrin. Stockholm: Natur & Kultur.
  48. Puleo, C. M., Conner, B. T., Benjamin, C. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2011). CBT for childhood anxiety and substance use at 7.4-year follow-up: A reassessment controlling for known predictors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(5), 690-696. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.005. · DOI
  49. Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., Hudson, J. L., Kangas, M., Wuthrich, V. M., & Schniering, C. A. (2013). Effect of comorbidity on treatment of anxious children and adolescents: Results from a large, combined sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.10.002. · DOI
  50. Reynolds, S., Wilson, C., Austin, J., & Hooper, L. (2012). Effects of psychotherapy for anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.005. · DOI · Paper page
  51. Rith-Najarian, L., Mesri, B., Park, A. L., Sun, M., Chavira, D. A., & Chorpita, B. F. (2018). Durability of cognitive behavioral therapy effects for youth and adolecents with anxiety, depression, or traumatic stress: A meta-analysis on long-term follow-ups. Behavior Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.05.006. · DOI
  52. Saavedra, L. M., Silverman, W. K., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., & Kurtines, W. M. (2010). Cognitive behavioral treatment for childhood anxiety disorders: Long-term effects on anxiety and secondary disorders in young adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(8), 924-934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02242.x. · DOI
  53. Santucci, L. C., Thomassin, K., Petrovic, L., & Weisz, J. R. (2015). Building evidence-based interventions for the youth, providers, and contexts of real-world mental-health care. Child Development Perspectives, 9(2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12118. · DOI
  54. Shirk, S. R., & Karver, M. (2003). Prediction of treatment outcome from relationship variables in child and adolescent therapy: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 006x.71.3.452. · DOI · Paper page
  55. Silverman, W. K., & Nelles, W. B. (1988). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(6), 772-778.
  56. Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., & Caporino Pina, A. A. (2001). Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(8), 937-944. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583- 200108000-00016. · DOI · Paper page
  57. Smith, M. M., McLeod, B. D., Southam-Gerow, M. A., Jensen-Doss, A., Kendall, P. C., & Weisz, J. R. (2017). Does the delivery of CBT for youth anxiety differ across research and practice settings? Behavior Therapy, 48(4), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. beth.2016.07.004. · DOI
  58. Southam-Gerow, M. A., Chorpita, B. F., Miller, L. M., & Gleacher, A. A. (2008). Are children with anxiety disorders privately referred to a university clinic like those referred from the public mental health system? Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35(3), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10488-007-0154-7. · DOI
  59. Southam-Gerow, M. A., Weisz, J. R., Chu, B. C., McLeod, B. D., Gordis, E. B., & Connor- Smith, J. K. (2010). Does cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety outperform usual care in community clinics? An initial effectiveness test. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 1043-1052. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jaac.2010.06.009. · DOI · Paper page
  60. Southam-Gerow, M. A., Weisz, J. R., & Kendall, P. C. (2003). Youth with anxiety disorders in research and service clinics: Examining client differences and similarities. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(3), 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15374424jccp3203_06. · DOI
  61. Spence, S. H. (1998). A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(5), 545-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00034-5. · DOI · Paper page
  62. Spence, S. H., Barrett, P. M., & Turner, C. M. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale with young adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(6), 605-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00236-0. · DOI
  63. Van Roy, B., Veenstra, M., & Clench-Aas, J. (2008). Construct validity of the five-factor Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in pre-, early, and late adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(12), 1304-1312. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01942.x. · DOI
  64. Villabø, M. A., Cummings, C. M., Gere, M. K., Torgersen, S., & Kendall, P. C. (2013). Anxious youth in research and service clinics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.09.003. · DOI
  65. Vostanis, P. (2006). Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Research and clinical ap- plications. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(4), 367-372. https://doi.org/10.1097/ 01.yco.0000228755.72366. · DOI
  66. Weisz, J. R., Ugueto, A. M., Cheron, D. M., & Herren, J. (2013). Evidence-based youth psychotherapy in the mental health ecosystem. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(2), 274-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.764824. · DOI
  67. Wergeland, G. J., Fjermestad, K. W., Marin, C. E., Haugland, B. S.-M., Bjaastad, J. F., Oeding, K., et al. (2014). An effectiveness study of individual vs. Group cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 57, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.007. · DOI · Paper page
  68. Wergeland, G. J., Fjermestad, K. W., Marin, C. E., Bjelland, I., Haugland, B. S., Silverman, W. K., et al. (2016). Predictors of treatment outcome in an effectiveness trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 76, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.001. · DOI · Paper page
  69. Wolk, C. B., Carper, M. M., Kendall, P. C., Olino, T. M., Marcus, S. C., & Beidas, R. S. (2016). Pathways to anxiety-Depression comorbidity: A longitudinal examination of childhood anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 33(10), 978-986. https://doi. org/10.1002/da.22544. · DOI
  70. Wothke, W. (2000). Longitudinal and multi-group modeling with missing data. In T. D. Little, K. U. Schnabel, & J. Baumert (Eds.). Modeling longitudinal and multilevel dataMahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum (pp. 219-240, 269-281).
  71. Yang, C.-C. (2006). Evaluating latent class analysis models in qualitative phenotype identification. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 50(4), 1090-1104. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.11.004. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kodal, A., Fjermestad, K. W., Bjelland, I., Gjestad, R., Öst, L.-G., Bjaastad, J. F., Haugland, B. S. M., Havik, O. E., Heiervang, E. R., & Wergeland, G. J. H.
Venue
Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-10
Volume
59
Pages
53-63
ISSN
0887-6185
Cited by
25
References
10
Language
en
Funders
Western Norway Regional Health Authority (911366, 911253, 911840)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review