Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample.

Antony, Martin M.; Bieling, Peter J.; Cox, Brian J.; Enns, Murray W.; Swinson, Richard P.

doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176

Cited by 4,874Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample.

Antony, Martin M., Bieling, Peter J., Cox, Brian J., Enns, Murray W., Swinson, Richard P.·1998·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; S. H. Lovibond & P. F. Lovibond, 1995) and the 21-item short form of these measures (DASS-21) were examined in nonclinical volunteers (n = 49) and patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnoses of panic disorder (n = 67), obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 54), social phobia (n = 74), specific phobia (n = 17), and major depressive disorder (n = 46). This study replicates previous findings indicating that the DASS distinguishes well between features of depression, physical arousal, and psychological tension and agitation and extends these observations to the DASS-21. In addition, the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the DASS and DASS-21 were in the acceptable to excellent ranges. Mean scores for the various groups were similar to those in previous research, and in the expected direction. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The DASS-21 has three factors, good to excellent internal consistency, and strong correlations with other measures of general distress in clinical and nonclinical samples.
“Factor analysis of the 21-item version yields three factors and internal consistency for the subscales range from good to excellent (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998). The measure also demonstrates strong correlations with other measures of general distress in clinical (Antony et al., 1998) and nonclinical samples (Henry & Crawford, 2005).”
From Distress and avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: Exploring the relationships with intolerance of uncertainty and worry (2010) · cites this paper as Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998
The Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale-21 has high internal consistency and concurrent validity, distinguishing well between depression, anxiety, and stress.
“The DASS-21 demonstrates high internal consistency and concurrent validity indicating that it distinguishes well between features of depression, anxiety, and stress (Antony, Cox, Enns, Bieling, & Swinson, 1998).”
From Randomized pilot trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance-based behavioral therapy in the treatment of Spanish-speaking Latino primary care patients with generalized anxiety disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Antony, Cox, Enns, Bieling, & Swinson, 1998
The DASS-21 has separate, reliable, and valid self-report scales for depression, anxiety, and stress.
“Depression Anxiety Stress Scale – 21-item version (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) has separate, reliable and valid self-report scales for depression, anxiety (i.e., anxious arousal), and stress (i.e., general anxiety and tension) (Antony, Bieling et al., 1998).”
From A randomized clinical trial comparing an acceptance-based behavior therapy to applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Antony, Bieling et al., 1998
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21-item version has demonstrated excellent internal consistency, and the longer 42-item version has demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability.
“The DASS-21 has demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α from .88 to .94; Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998) and the longer 42-item version has demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability (Brown, Chorpita, Korotitsch, & Barlow, 1997).”
From A Fresh Look at Potential Mechanisms of Change in Applied Relaxation for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Series (2012) · cites this paper as Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998
The DASS-21 depression, anxiety, and stress subscales had acceptable to good internal consistency at pretreatment in the present study (αs = .86, .76, and .84, respectively).
“Internal consistency has previously been shown to be good (α for each scale > .87; Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998), and was acceptable to good at pretreatment in the present study (αs for depression, anxiety, and stress = .86, .76, and .84, respectively).”
From Using acceptance and commitment therapy to increase self-compassion: A randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998

The DASS-21 has separate, reliable and valid self-report scales for depression, anxiety, and stress.
“Depression Anxiety Stress Scale – 21-item version (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) has separate, reliable and valid self-report scales for depression, anxiety (i.e., anxious arousal), and stress (i.e., general anxiety and tension; Antony, Bieling et al., 1998).”
From Do treatment responders maintain their gains following a randomized clinical trial comparing an acceptance-based behavior therapy to applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder? (2025) · cites this paper as Antony, Bieling et al., 1998
The DASS-21 Stress subscale has demonstrated good internal consistency and construct validity and is sensitive to change.
“The subscales have demonstrated good internal consistency and construct validity (Antony, Bieling, et al., 1998) and have been shown to be sensitive to change across hospitalization for clients with a primary diagnosis of depression (Page, Hooke, & Morrison, 2007).”
From Decentering as a potential common mechanism across two therapies for generalized anxiety disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Antony, Bieling, et al., 1998
Research across 206 studies indicates SUS items load onto one latent factor, have high internal consistency (alpha .91), and can distinguish more from less usable programs.
“Research summarized across 206 studies indicates that the SUS items load onto a single latent factor, have a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .91), and that the measure can be used to distinguish between more and less usable program.34”
From Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students. (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
The DASS-21 has demonstrated excellent validity and internal consistency.
“The DASS-21 is a frequently used measure in both clinical and research settings and has demonstrated excellent validity and internal consistency (Antony et al., 1998).”
From A mixed-methods study of problematic social media use, attention dysregulation, and social media use motives (2023) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
The Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) has good psychometric properties.
“The scale has good psychometric properties (Antony et al ., 1998).”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
The DASS-21 has demonstrated strong psychometric properties and is routinely used in research and clinical practice.
“The scale has demonstrated strong psychometric properties and is routinely used in research and clinical practice [51–53].”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The DASS-21 is reliable and valid in diverse samples, including among people with chronic health conditions, with a mean Cronbach's alpha of 0.91.
“The DASS-21 is reliable and valid in diverse samples, including among people with CHCs, and has been used for ACT-based interventions, with a mean Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 showing high internal consistency (Antony et al., 1998).”
From ACT2COPE: A pilot randomised trial of a brief online acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for people living with chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic (2023) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
General distress outcomes were measured with valid and reliable instruments, the DASS-21 and K-10.
“Valid and reliable measures of psychological distress or emotional symptomatology such as the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21; Antony et al., 1998) and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10; Kessler et al., 2002) were considered as general distress outcomes.”
From Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de intervenciones transdiagnósticas en línea de tercera generación (2023) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
The Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale-21 total score represents a broader dimension of psychological distress, and each subscale has high internal consistency (α = 0.87 to 0.94) and high concurrent validity.
“The total score represents a broader dimension of psychological distress, and each subscale has high internal consistency (α = 0.87 to 0.94) and high concurrent validity (Antony et al., 1998).”
From A naturalistic study of emotion regulation-enhanced cognitive-behavioral group therapy for hoarding disorder in a community setting (2022) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
The DASS-21 has good psychometric properties, with Cronbach's alphas 0.94 for Depression, 0.87 for Anxiety, and 0.91 for Stress, and concurrent validity indices above 0.60 with several other inventories.
“The DASS-21 has been shown to have good psychometric properties, i.e., internal consistency: Cronbach's alphas were 0.94 for Depression, 0.87 for Anxiety, and 0.91 for Stress; concurrent validity indices above 0.60 with several other inventories) both in clinical and non-clinical samples75”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
It is recommended to use each DASS subscale separately instead of their sum as a unified factor.
“It is recommended to use each subscale separately instead of their sum as a unified factor 28”
From Relationships between worry and depressive symptoms during two group therapies for generalized anxiety disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The DASS-21 has good internal consistency: Cronbach's alphas were 0.94 for Depression, 0.87 for Anxiety, and 0.91 for Stress.
“The DASS-21 has been shown to have good internal consistency: Cronbach’s alphas were 0.94 for Depression, 0.87 for Anxiety, and 0.91 for Stress (63).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [63]
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item scale developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) to assess individuals' depression, anxiety, and stress levels.
“The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item scale developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) to assess individuals’ individuals’ depression, anxiety, and stress levels (Antony et al., 1998).”
From Measuring self-as-context in Chinese college students: Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of self-as-context scale (C-SACS) (2022) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
The DASS-21 subscales have shown good to excellent internal consistency (α = .87 to .94) and concurrent validity in clinical and non-clinical samples.
“The DASS-21 subscales have shown good to excellent internal consistency ( α = .87 to .94) and concurrent validity in clinical and non-clinical samples (Antony et al. 1998).”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Antony et al. 1998
The DASS-21 showed acceptable internal consistency and concurrent validity, with alphas of 0.94 for Depression, 0.91 for Stress, and 0.87 for Anxiety.
“Antony et al. (1998) observed an alpha of 0.94 for Depression, 0.91 for Stress, and 0.87 for anxiety.”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
The DASS-21 has been used with adolescent samples and has reported Cronbach alpha of .87 for depression, .79 for anxiety, and .83 for stress subscales.
“The DASS-21 has been used with adolescent samples and is reported to have a Cronbach alpha of .87 for depression, .79 for anxiety, and .83 for the stress subscales [41].”
From Feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based positive psychology program for youth mental health: Randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [41]
The DASS-21 has acceptable to excellent internal consistency and concurrent validity in clinical and non-clinical populations.
“The DASS-21 has acceptable to excellent internal consistency and concurrent validity in clinical and non-clinical populations”
From The feasibility and preliminary effects of a pilot randomized controlled trial: Videoconferencing acceptance and commitment therapy in distressed family caregivers of people with dementia. (2023) · cites this paper as Antony et al., 1998
The short version of the DASS-21 is shown to have as good reliability and validity as the long version.
“We used the short version as it is shown to have as good reliability and validity as the long version (Cronbach’s alpha 0.94, 0.87 and 0.91 for the depression, anxiety and stress subscales respectively, Antony et al. 1998; Ng et al. 2007), along with good construct validity (Henry and Crawford 2005).”
From Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults (2018) · cites this paper as Antony et al. 1998
The DASS-21 is a valid and reliable measure of negative affect in both clinical and general population samples.
“The DASS-21 has been found to be a valid and reliable measure of negative affect in both clinical and general population samples and scores on the shortened form have been found to be highly correlated with scores on the longer version of the scale [62, 63].”
From A structural equation model of the relationship between insomnia, negative affect, and paranoid thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [62]
Scores on the shortened DASS-21 are highly correlated with scores on the longer version of the scale.
“The DASS-21 has been found to be a valid and reliable measure of negative affect in both clinical and general population samples and scores on the shortened form have been found to be highly correlated with scores on the longer version of the scale [62, 63].”
From A structural equation model of the relationship between insomnia, negative affect, and paranoid thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [62]
The DASS-21 has demonstrated high internal consistency for the three subscales of depression, anxiety, and stress in previous administrations.
“The DASS21 has demonstrated high internal consistency for the three subscales of depression, anxiety, and stress in previous administrations (42).”
From Predicting Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using Smartphone and Wearable Data (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
The DASS-21 is a valid and reliable measure for use in non-clinical samples.
“The DASS-21 is a valid and reliable measure for use in non-clinical samples (Antony et al. 1998)”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Antony et al. 1998
The DASS-21 subscales have Cronbach's alphas of .94 for Depression, .87 for Anxiety, and .91 for Stress.
“The DASS-21 subscales have Cronbach ' s alphas of .94 for Depression, .87 for Anxiety and .91 for Stress [1].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [1]

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
A rating scale for depression
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696 · see citing works
The assessment of anxiety states by rating
HAMILTON, M. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x · Cited by 11,455 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) American Psychiatric Association (1987). American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. 567 pp., $39.95 hardcover; $29.95 softcover.
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303 · see citing works
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,602 · see citing works
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00068-x · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology
Nesselroade, J., & Cattell, R. (1968) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0893-5 · Cited by 1,351 · see citing works
Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.104.1.15 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
The State--Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait version: structure and content re-examined
Bieling, P. J., Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00023-0 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Self-citation
Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III--R anxiety disorder.
Sanderson, W. C., DiNardo, P. A., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1990) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.99.3.308 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Does the Beck Anxiety Inventory measure anything beyond panic attack symptoms?
Cox, B. J., Cohen, E., Direnfeld, D. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00037-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citation
The anxiety and depressive disorders: Descriptive psychopathology and differential diagnosis.
Clark, L. A. (1989) · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Distinguishing anxiety and depression: Reexamination of the reconstructed Hamilton scales.
Moras, K., Nardo, P. A. D., & Barlow, D. H. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.2.224 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x29657 · Cited by 5,801 · see citing works
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466503321903544 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students
Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0345-x · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-Short Form: Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B. S., & Vogel, D. L. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701268041 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university
Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—21 (DASS‐21): Further Examination of Dimensions, Scale Reliability, and Correlates
Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21908 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079 · Cited by 1,020 · see citing works
Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608310x526511 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión en la primera fase del brote del COVID-19 en una muestra recogida en el norte de España
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00054020 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese
Vignola, R. C. B., & Tucci, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.031 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Assessment of obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive–Compulsive Scale
Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., Olatunji, B. O., Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Losardo, D., Timpano, K. R., McGrath, P. B., Riemann, B. C., Adams, T., et al. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0018260 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Understanding Self‐directed Stigma: Development of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale
Durso, L. E., & Latner, J. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.448 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups
Norton, P. J. (2007) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701309279 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
The State--Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait version: structure and content re-examined
Bieling, P. J., Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00023-0 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Italian Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties on Community and Clinical Samples
Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Conforti, E., Melli, G., & Sica, C. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.005 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger
Martin, R. C., & Dahlen, E. R. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.004 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).
Grös, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Self-citation
Is Perfectionism Good, Bad, or Both? Examining Models of the Perfectionism Construct
Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A. L., & Antony, M. M. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00235-6 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cross-cultural validation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–21 in China.
Wang, K., Shi, H.-S., Geng, F.-L., Zou, L.-Q., Tan, S.-P., Wang, Y., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D. H. K., & Chan, R. C. K. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000207 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Preliminary Data on an Acceptance-Based Emotion Regulation Group Intervention for Deliberate Self-Harm Among Women With Borderline Personality Disorder
Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates
Becker, S. P., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Burns, G. L., & Kofler, M. J. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.001 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
“The DASS-21 demonstrates high reliability and is widely accepted as being valid for usewith college-agedparticipants.(30,32) In the present study, Cronbach’s ɑs were .”
Background
Psychometric Properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Overall and Across Demographic Groups Living Within the United States
Sinclair, S. J., Blais, M. A., Gansler, D. A., Sandberg, E. H., Bistis, K., & LoCicero, A. (2010) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278709356187 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000111 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian university students
Shamsuddin, K., Fadzil, F., Ismail, W. S. W., Shah, S. A., Omar, K., Muhammad, N. A., Jaffar, A., Ismail, A., & Mahadevan, R. (2013) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2013.01.014 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review
Tomlinson, E. R., Yousaf, O., Vittersø, A. D., & Jones, L. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults
Cage, E., Di Monaco, J., & Newell, V. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation and normative data for the depression, anxiety, and stress scales-21 (DASS-21) in a nonclinical sample of U.S. adults
Sinclair, S. J., Siefert, C. J., Slavin-Mulford, J. M., Stein, M. B., Renna, M., & Blais, M. A. (2012) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278711424282 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia
Alkhamees, A. A., Alrashed, S. A., Alzunaydi, A. A., Almohimeed, A. S., & Aljohani, M. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152192 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others
Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Basran, J. (2017) · Journal of Compassionate Health Care · doi:10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Psychological Predictors of Anxiety in Response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) Pandemic
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Die Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen: Der DASS – ein Screeningverfahren nicht nur für Schmerzpatienten
Nilges, P., & Essau, C. (2015) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-015-0019-z · Cited by 473 · see citing works
The relationship among young adult college students׳ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles
Mahmoud, J. S. R., Staten, R. “., Hall, L. A., & Lennie, T. A. (2012) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.632708 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 in older primary care patients
Gloster, A. T., Rhoades, H. M., Novy, D., Klotsche, J., Senior, A., Kunik, M., Wilson, N., & Stanley, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.023 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Positive affect treatment for depression and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial for a core feature of anhedonia
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., Dour, H., & Rosenfield, D. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000396 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Screening for anxiety and depression: reassessing the utility of the Zung scales
Dunstan, D. A., Scott, N., & Todd, A. K. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1489-6 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Its Short Forms in Adults with Emotional Disorders
Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Measuring internalized weight attitudes across body weight categories: validation of the modified weight bias internalization scale.
Pearl, R., & Puhl, R. (2014) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.09.005 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Validation of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) 21 as a screening instrument for depression and anxiety in a rural community-based cohort of northern Vietnamese women
Tran, T. D., Tran, T., & Fisher, J. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-24 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Depression, Comorbid Anxiety Disorders, and Heart Rate Variability in Physically Healthy, Unmedicated Patients: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk
Kemp, A. H., Quintana, D. S., Felmingham, K. L., Matthews, S. T., & Jelinek, H. F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030777 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
The relationship between resilience and levels of anxiety, depression, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in adolescents
Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., Solem, S., Hagen, K., & Stiles, T. C. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.719 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The gambling related cognitions scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00753.x · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS‐21) across cultures
Oei, T. P. S., Sawang, S., Goh, Y. W., & Mukhtar, F. (2013) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.755535 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish Translation and Validation with a Hispanic Sample
Daza, P., Novy, D. M., Stanley, M. A., & Averill, P. (2002) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1016014818163 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavioral Family Treatment of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Controlled Trial
Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L. J., & March, J. S. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00014 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
The validity of the 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales as a routine clinical outcome measure
Ng, F., Trauer, T., Dodd, S., Callaly, T., Campbell, S., & Berk, M. (2007) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00217.x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Confirmatory factor analysis of the depression-Anxiety-Stress Scales in depressed and anxious patients
Clara, I. P., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1011095624717 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citation
Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes.
Lovibond, P. F. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.3.520 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
The short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Factor structure in a young adolescent sample
Szabó, M. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.05.014 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions
Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.001 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Adult Attachment, Shame, Depression, and Loneliness: The Mediation Role of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction.
Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.591 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
The impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers
Davis, L., Edwards, H. E., Mohay, H. A., & Wollin, J. A. (2003) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/s0378-3782(03)00073-2 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Examining the Dimensionality, Reliability, and Invariance of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21 (DASS-21) Across Eight Countries
Zanon, C., Brenner, R. E., Baptista, M. N., Vogel, D. L., Rubin, M., Al-Darmaki, F. R., Gonçalves, M., Heath, P. J., Liao, H.-Y., Mackenzie, C. S., et al. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119887449 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Development of a short form Social Interaction Anxiety (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS) using nonparametric item response theory: The SIAS-6 and the SPS-6.
Peters, L., Sunderland, M., Andrews, G., Rapee, R. M., & Mattick, R. P. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0024544 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety and Symptoms of Stress among Hong Kong Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study
Cheung, T. C. C., & Yip, P. S. F. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120911072 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking
Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9142-1 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Heart rate variability is associated with emotion recognition: Direct evidence for a relationship between the autonomic nervous system and social cognition
Quintana, D. S., Guastella, A. J., Outhred, T., Hickie, I. B., & Kemp, A. H. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.012 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Misophonia: Incidence, Phenomenology, and Clinical Correlates in an Undergraduate Student Sample
Wu, M. S., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22098 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Development and validation of the overall depression severity and impairment scale
Bentley, K. H., Gallagher, M. W., Carl, J. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036216 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: study 1 results
Hegney, D. G., Craigie, M. A., Hemsworth, D., Osseiran‐Moisson, R., Aoun, S. M., Francis, K. L., & Drury, V. (2013) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12160 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
A Scale to Measure Nonattachment: A Buddhist Complement to Western Research on Attachment and Adaptive Functioning
Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890903425960 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
The Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in Community and Clinical Samples
SARIÇAM, H. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research · doi:10.5455/jcbpr.274847 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: Evidence from event-related potentials
Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.12.004 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Non-social features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.023 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: Fear of missing out as a mediator
Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., Fang, J., Bai, X., & Hall, B. J. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.020 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Anxiety measures validated in perinatal populations: A systematic review
Meades, R., & Ayers, S. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.009 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“…that DASS and DASS-21 scores discriminated between diagnoses of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder , obsessive compulsive disorder and specific phobia; and there is a clear three-factor structure with items loading onto the expected factors (Antony et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethod
Psychometric Properties of an Arabic Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS)
Moussa, M. T., Lovibond, P., Laube, R., & Megahead, H. A. (2017) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516662916 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., AlGhraibeh, A. M. A., Alafnan, A. A., Aldraiweesh, A., & Hall, B. J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.020 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The association between problematic smartphone use, depression and anxiety symptom severity, and objectively measured smartphone use over one week
Rozgonjuk, D., Levine, J. C., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.019 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Measuring attentional bias to threat: reliability of dot probe and eye movement indices
Waechter, S., Nelson, A. L., Wright, C., Hyatt, A., & Oakman, J. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9588-2 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
A multi‐dimensional measure of vocational identity status
Porfeli, E. J., Lee, B., Vondracek, F. W., & Weigold, I. K. (2011) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.02.001 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)
Parkitny, L., & McAuley, J. H. (2010) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s1836-9553(10)70030-8 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Temporal course and structural relationships among dimensions of temperament and DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorder constructs.
Brown, T. A. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.313 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory: Further evaluation
Antony, M. M., Coons, M. J., McCabe, R. E., Ashbaugh, A., & Swinson, R. P. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.013 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in depressed clinical samples
Page, A. C., Hooke, G. R., & Morrison, D. L. (2007) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466506x158996 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health
Valdivia, J. R. M. (2021) · Journal of Womens Health Issues and Care · Cited by 300 · see citing works
The Trichotillomania Impact Project (TIP): Exploring Phenomenology, Functional Impairment, and Treatment Utilization
Woods, D. W., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., Goodwin, R. D., Stein, D. J., Walther, M. R., & Trichotillomania Learning Center-Scientific Advisory Board (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n1207 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A., & Rockliff, H. (2008) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760801999461 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Stress and Mental Health
Donovan, R. A., & West, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798414543014 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation and Stress among Australian Psychologists: Testing an Emotion Regulation Model of Self-Compassion Using Structural Equation Modeling
Finlay‐jones, A. L., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133481 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Schwencke, G., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Craske, M. G., & McEvoy, P. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.007 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self‐criticism
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence rates based on a comparison of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and the hospital, Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
Covic, T., Cumming, S., Pallant, J., Manolios, N., Emery, P., Conaghan, P. G., & Tennant, A. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-6 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
An Open Trial of an Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.04.004 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Adding a motivational interviewing pretreatment to cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary randomized controlled trial
Westra, H. A., Arkowitz, H., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.014 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological distress among students at an Australian university
Larcombe, W., Finch, S. J., Sore, R., Murray, C. M., Kentish, S. E., Mulder, R. A., Lee‐Stecum, P., Baik, C., Tokatlidis, O., & Williams, D. A. (2014) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2014.966072 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety and Symptoms of Stress among Baccalaureate Nursing Students in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cheung, T., Wong, S. Y., Wong, K., Law, L. Y., Ng, K., Tong, M., Wong, K.-Y., Ng, M., & Yip, P. S. F. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13080779 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2007) · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.009 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Revisiting the theoretical and methodological foundations of depression measurement
Fried, E. I., Flake, J. K., & Robinaugh, D. J. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00050-2 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong
Wong, J. G. W. S., Cheung, E. P. T., Chan, K. K. C., Ma, K. K. M., & Wa Tang, S. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01883.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Reliability, convergent validity and factor structure of the DASS-21 in a sample of Vietnamese adolescents
Le, M. T. H., Tran, T. D., Holton, S., Nguyen, H. T., Wolfe, R. S., & Fisher, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180557 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Psychological flexibility as a malleable public health target: Evidence from a representative sample
Gloster, A. T., Meyer, A. H., & Lieb, R. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.003 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for individuals whose lives have been affected by cancer: A randomized controlled trial.
Foley, E., Baillie, A., Huxter, M., Price, M., & Sinclair, E. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017566 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Systematic review of the measurement properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales–21 by applying updated COSMIN methodology
Lee, J., Lee, E., & Moon, S. H. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02177-x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health
Martin, G. (2005) · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Anxiety and stress in the postpartum: Is there more to postnatal distress than depression?
Miller, R. L., Pallant, J., & Negri, L. M. (2006) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-12 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Predicting Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using Smartphone and Wearable Data
Moshe, I., Terhorst, Y., Opoku Asare, K., Sander, L. B., Ferreira, D., Baumeister, H., Mohr, D. C., & Pulkki-Råback, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.625247 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Integrating motivational interviewing with cognitive-behavioral therapy for severe generalized anxiety disorder: An allegiance-controlled randomized clinical trial.
Westra, H. A., Constantino, M. J., & Antony, M. M. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000098 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citation
Vicarious Trauma, Secondary Traumatic Stress or Simply Burnout? Effect of Trauma Therapy on Mental Health Professionals
Devilly, G. J., Wright, R. D., & Varker, T. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902721079 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in unipolar depression: The effects of acceptance and suppression of subjective emotional experience on the intensity and duration of sadness and negative affect.
Liverant, G. I., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.001 · Cited by 253 · see citing works

The Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in Community and Clinical Samples
SARIÇAM, H. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research · doi:10.5455/jcbpr.274847 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00068-x · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
The Italian Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties on Community and Clinical Samples
Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Conforti, E., Melli, G., & Sica, C. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.005 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—21 (DASS‐21): Further Examination of Dimensions, Scale Reliability, and Correlates
Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21908 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
A Preliminary Validation of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) in Non-clinical Sample
Moghaddam, A., Saed, F., Dibajnia, P., & Zangeneh, J. (2008) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Authors: Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P.
Affiliations: St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton (CA)
ORCID: Antony, Martin M.
Bieling, Peter J.
Cox, Brian J.
Enns, Murray W.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-06
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 176-181
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
OpenAlex: W2083164476
Semantic Scholar: 83fb0fc3e5ef9d1e74bc6aec151380d7798bb42c
Cited by: 4,874
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 227 · 2025: 296 · 2024: 346 · 2023: 402 · 2022: 388 · 2021: 481 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 254 · 2018: 268 · 2017: 241 · 2016: 252 · 2015: 224 · 2014: 223 · 2013: 201 · 2012: 146
FWCI: 8.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: DASS, DASS-21, psychometric properties, factor structure, internal consistency, concurrent validity, depression, anxiety, stress, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, major depressive disorder, short-form questionnaire

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks