Predictors and moderators of treatment response in childhood anxiety disorders: Results from the CAMS trial.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine predictors and moderators of treatment outcomes among 488 youths ages 7-17 years (50% female; 74% ≤ 12 years) meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for diagnoses of separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, or generalized anxiety disorder who were randomly assigned to receive either cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sertraline (SRT), their combination (COMB), or medication management with pill placebo (PBO) in the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS). METHOD: Six classes of predictor and moderator variables (22 variables) were identified from the literature and examined using continuous (Pediatric Anxiety Ratings Scale; PARS) and categorical (Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement; CGI-I) outcome measures. RESULTS: Three baseline variables predicted better outcomes (independent of treatment condition) on the PARS, including low anxiety severity (as measured by parents and independent evaluators) and caregiver strain. No baseline variables were found to predict Week 12 responder status (CGI-I). Participants' principal diagnosis moderated treatment outcomes but only on the PARS. No baseline variables were found to moderate treatment outcomes on Week 12 responder status (CGI-I). DISCUSSION: Overall, anxious children responded favorably to CAMS treatments. However, having more severe and impairing anxiety, greater caregiver strain, and a principal diagnosis of social phobia were associated with less favorable outcomes. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Few statistically significant and no consistent predictors of CBT response have been identified across studies.
“Few statistically significant and no consistent predictors have been identified across studies [17–19].”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Parental Accommodation: Promising Targets for Personalized Intervention for Youth Anxiety. (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
The section on predictors and moderators of child and adolescent anxiety treatment reports relatively few significant predictor findings across the 98 trials reviewed and says findings were generally mixed. But it identifies higher baseline symptom severity and poorer family functioning as consistent predictors of poorer outcome, so the claim that no consistent predictors have been identified overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly 28.6% of randomized clinical trials for youth anxiety treatments have reported formal predictor analyses.
“A small percentage (28.6%) [17] of RCTs for youth anxiety treatments have reported formal predictor analyses”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Parental Accommodation: Promising Targets for Personalized Intervention for Youth Anxiety. (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
A third review pointed to increased baseline symptom severity and family dysfunction as predictors of poorer outcome.
“a third review of psychotherapy and medication treatments for youth anxiety, which pointed to increased baseline symptom severity and family dysfunction as predictors of poorer outcome [17].”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Parental Accommodation: Promising Targets for Personalized Intervention for Youth Anxiety. (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
Treatment moderator identification has been studied sparingly in randomized trials of youth anxiety disorders.
“From a precision treatment perspective, this long sought grail – the identification of treatment moderators - has been studied sparingly in youth anxiety disorders randomized trials (e.g., Compton et al., 2014; Lebowitz et al., 2021; Patriarca et al., 2022; Taylor et al., 2017).”
From Boundaries on Parent Involvement in Their Child’s Anxiety Cognitive-Behavioral-Treatment Outcome: Parent Reinforcement and Relationship Behaviors Moderate Outcome (2024) · cites this paper as Compton et al., 2014
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“From a grail-half-full perspective, these findings have led to the conclusion that “current evidenced based treatments for pediatric anxiety disorders are effective across a diverse range of children and adolescents” (Compton et al., 2014, p. 221).”
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Caregiver Strain Questionnaire–Short Form 11 (CGSQ-SF11): A Validation Study
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Compton, S. N., Peris, T. S., Almirall, D., Birmaher, B., Sherrill, J., Kendall, P. C., March, J. S., Gosch, E. A., Ginsburg, G. S., Rynn, M. A., Piacentini, J. C., McCracken, J. T., Keeton, C. P., Suveg, C. M., Aschenbrand, S. G., Sakolsky, D., Iyengar, S., Walkup, J. T., & Albano, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Compton, Scott N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 212-224
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC4056442
- OpenAlex
- W2046280100
- Semantic Scholar
- 602f975837cafd5c0b61e03261ab1d170043007c
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 37.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01 MH64092, U01 MH64003, U01 MH064003, U01 MH63747, U01 MH64107, U01 MH64088)
- National Institute of Mental Healthtal Health (U01 MH064089)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety disorders, predictors of treatment response, treatment moderators, cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, caregiver burden, anxiety levels, primary diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Sertraline
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