Executive function and psychosocial adjustment in healthy children and adolescents: A latent variable modelling investigation
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish latent executive function (EF) and psychosocial adjustment factor structure, to examine associations between EF and psychosocial adjustment, and to explore potential development differences in EF-psychosocial adjustment associations in healthy children and adolescents. Using data from the multisite National Institutes of Health (NIH) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Study of Normal Brain Development, the current investigation examined latent associations between theoretically and empirically derived EF factors and emotional and behavioral adjustment measures in a large, nationally representative sample of children and adolescents (7-18 years old; N = 352). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was the primary method of data analysis. CFA results revealed that, in the whole sample, the proposed five-factor model (Working Memory, Shifting, Verbal Fluency, Externalizing, and Internalizing) provided a close fit to the data, χ(2)(66) = 114.48, p < .001; RMSEA = .046; NNFI = .973; CFI = .980. Significant negative associations were demonstrated between Externalizing and both Working Memory and Verbal Fluency (p < .01) factors. A series of increasingly restrictive tests led to the rejection of the hypothesis of invariance, thereby precluding formal statistical examination of age-related differences in latent EF-psychosocial adjustment associations. Findings indicate that childhood EF skills are best conceptualized as a constellation of interconnected yet distinguishable cognitive self-regulatory skills. Individual differences in certain domains of EF track meaningfully and in expected directions with emotional and behavioral adjustment indices. Externalizing behaviors, in particular, are associated with latent Working Memory and Verbal Fluency factors.
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Recent literature supports executive function as a multifaceted latent construct in which various domains are separable but interdependent.
“In addition, recent literature has supported EF as a multifaceted latent construct where various domains are separable but interdependent (e.g., Cassidy 2016).”
From A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Cassidy 2016
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“In addition, recent literature has supported EF as a multifaceted latent construct where various domains are separable but interdependent (e.g., Cassidy 2016).”
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- Authors
- Cassidy, A. R.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cassidy, Adam R.
- ORCID
- Cassidy, Adam R.
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-01-08
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 292-317
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2068519969
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
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- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- executive function, psychosocial adjustment, factor structure, working memory, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, emotional adjustment, behavioral adjustment, cognitive self-regulation, healthy children and adolescents, brain development, invariance testing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Social Adjustment, Task Performance and Analysis, United States, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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